Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook生态普查技术
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作者： William J. Sutherland 著
出 版 社：
出版时间： 2006-8-1字数：版次： 1页数： 432印刷时间： 2006/08/01开本： 大16开印次： 1纸张： 胶版纸I S B N ： 9780521606363包装： 平装内容简介
This is an updated version of the best selling first edition, Ecological Census Techniques, with updating, some new chapters and authors. Almost all ecological and conservation work involves carrying out a census or survey. This practically focussed book describes how to plan a census, the practical details and shows with worked examples how to analyse the results. The first three chapters describe planning, sampling and the basic theory necessary for carrying out a census. In the subsequent chapters international experts describe the appropriate methods for counting plants, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds. As many censuses also relate the results to environmental variability, there is a chapter explaining the main methods. Finally, there is a list of the most common mistakes encountered when carrying out a census.
Most work in ecology or conservation requires a census of the population. Experts describe the practical methods necessary for carrying out a census. The book includes the underlying theory and the practical details for plants and each group of animals, alongside the environmental measures that can be done simultaneously.
作者简介
WILLIAM J. SUTHERLAND is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia.
目录
List of contributors
Preface
1Planning a research programme
Introduction: reverse planning
What is the specific question?
What results are necessary to answer the questions?
What data are needed to complete these analyses?
What protocol is required to obtain these data?
Can the data be collected in the time available?
Modifying the planning in response to time available
Creating data sheets
Start and encounter reality
2Principles of sampling
Before one starts
Objectives
Know your organism
Censuses and samples
Know the reliability of your estimates
Performing the calculations
Sampling - the basics
Defining sample units and the sampling frame
The need for replication
Ensuring that samples are representative
Deviations from random
The shape and size of sampling units
Estimation of means and total population sizes
The layout of samples
Cluster sampling
Multi-level sampling
Stratified sampling
Adaptive sampling
Repeated counts at the same site
Comparing two or more study areas
Modelling spatial variation in numbers
Surveillance and monitoring
The difference between surveillance and monitoring
Monitoring and adaptive management
Sampling design for surveillance
Describing long-term changes
Alerts and indicators
Planning and managing a monitoring programme
References
3 General census methods
Introduction
Complete counts (1): general
Not as easy as it seems
Sampling the habitat
Attempted complete enumeration
Complete counts (2): plotless sampling
Sample counts (1): mark-recapture methods
Fundamentals of mark-recapture
The two-sample method
Multiple recaptures in closed populations
Multiple recaptures in open populations
The robust model
What area does a trapping grid cover?
Sample counts (2): some other methods based on trapping
The removal method
The change-in-ratio method
Simultaneous marking and recapture: the method of Wileyto et al.
Continuous captures and recaptures: the Craig and du Feu method
Passive distance sampling
Sampling from the whole area
Sample counts (3): 'mark-recapture' without capture
Marking without capture
Individual recognition without capture
……
4 Plants
5 Invertebrates
6 Fish
7 Amphibians
8 Reptiles
9 Birds
10 Mamals
11 Environmental variables
12 The twenty commonest censusing sins
Index
