美国RQ-4A“全球鹰”GLOBAL HAWK无人侦察机

The Northrop Grumman RQ-4A Global Hawk is the modernest UAV of the USAF &the world. As part of the High Altitude Endurance (HAE) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD), the Global Hawk program began with both the Global Hawk and the Dark Star UAV programs in 1995.诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司的RQ-4A“全球鹰”是美国空军乃至全世界最先进的无人机。作为“高空持久性先进概念技术验证”(ACTD)计划的一部分,包括“全球鹰”和“暗星”两个部分在内的“全球鹰”计划于1995年启动。The ACTD began under Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency management. October 1998, it was transitioned to the Air Force systems program office at Wright Patterson AFB. The Dark Star program was cancelled in January 1999.The Global Hawk portion of the ACTD was conducted in three phases: design; development and test; and deployment and evaluation. The relative manufacturer are Electronic Systems (ES), Information Technology (IT), Integrated Systems (IS), Ship Systems and Component Technologies.点击查看“全球鹰”剖视大图ACTD计划最初由国防先进研究项目处管理,1998年10月转由怀特·帕特森空军基地的空军系统计划办公室接管。后来“暗星”计划于1999年1月取消。“全球鹰”的研制计划分为三部分:设计,研制与试验,部署和评估。相关厂商包括电气系统ES公司,信息科技IT公司,综合系统IS公司,舰船系统和构成公司。2005年8月,诺斯罗普·格鲁门公司接到美国空军合同,于今年秋初提供2架生产型RQ-4A。这项2100万美元合同6月2日授予。这些飞行器将加入目前支持全球反恐战战区的先进概念技术验证型“全球鹰”无人机行列。迄今已部署的“全球鹰”在200次任务中飞行了4300多战斗小时。The deployment and evaluation phase was conducted between June 1999-June 2000, with the U.S. Joint Forces Command as the operational sponsor. The desired operational requirements were prioritized and each spiral will include those upgrades that available funding can afford. The full operational capability identified by the Air Force in the ORD will not be available until the second spiral or Block 10 systems are produced.1999年6月到2000年6月是“全球鹰”在美军组织下的部署和评估阶段。根据经费的情况,各种需求按优先顺序的在各个批次中得到满足。到第二个生产循环,即“全球鹰”BLOCK 10批次,美军在作战能力评估中正式确定“全球鹰”具有了完整的作战能力。Global Hawk had its first flight in February 1998, and completed 58 sorties totaling 719.4 flight hours throughout the ACTD period. A crash in March 1999 destroyed air vehicle Number 2 and its sensor suite, and a runway incident in December 1999 damaged air vehicle Number 3 and destroyed the only other integrated sensor suite. Consequently, no EO/IR imagery was available during any warfighting exercises. A separate SAR sensor provided imagery. Flight-testing resumed in March with AV-01. The entire system re-deployed to Edwards AFB in June 2000.“全球鹰”于1998年2月首飞,在ACTD计划执行期内完成了58个起降,共719.4小时飞行。1999年3月第二号原型机坠毁,携带的专门为“全球鹰”设计的侦察传感器系统毁坏;1999年12月,三号机在跑道滑跑时出现事故,毁坏了另外一个传感器系统。因此在之后的试飞中,没有加装电子/红外传感器系统。但测试了单独的合成孔径侦察雷达,并获得了侦察影像。2000年3月试飞继续,6月一个完整的“全球鹰”系统重新部署到了爱德华兹空军基地。22nd Apr 2001, the Global Hawk completed its pioneering flight from USA to Australia. Only few aircraft with pilot onboard can fly over the Pacific, such as the airliners as we know. This is the first time UAV do this thing. The long range makes sure that the Global Hawk can stay above the target area for 24 hours, proceeding non-stop surveillance. Both ground stations and a support package can be transported in one C-5 or two C-17s. The vehicle itself needs no airlift: with a straight-line range of 13,500 nautical miles and endurance up to 38 hours, it can fly anywhere.2001年4月22日,“全球鹰”完成了从美国到澳大利亚的越洋飞行创举。要知道,既便是有人驾驶的飞机,也只有其中少数能够跨越太平洋,如大型民航客机。这是无人机首次完成这样的壮举。飞行距离远也使得“全球鹰”可以逗留在某个目标的上空长达42个小时,以便连续不断的进行监视。“全球鹰”的地面站和支援舱可使用一架C-5或两架C-17运送,“全球鹰”本身则不需要空运,因为其转场航程达25002千米,续航时间38小时,能飞到任何需要的目的地。The Global Hawk is 44.4 ft. long, 15.2 ft height, wingspan 116.2 ft., Weight 25,600 lbs. The wingspan is similiar to the Boeing 747, so it is a very large UAV. It can carry over 7t fuel, maxium range 25945km, and is able to self-control over-continent flight for 41 hours. In another word, it can fly to 5556km away from the base, stay there for 24 hours 60000ft high. The flight control system contains GPS &INS, which insured auto takeoff &landing, as well as the whole flight process.“全球鹰”机身长13.5米,高4.62米,翼展35.4米,最大起飞重量11622千克。翼展和波音747相近,因此“全球鹰”是一种巨大的无人机。“全球鹰” 机载燃料超过7吨,最大航程可达25945千米,自主飞行时间长达41小时,可以完成跨洲际飞行。可在距发射区5556千米的范围内活动,可在目标区上空18288米处停留24小时。飞行控制系统采用GPS全球定位系统和惯性导航系统,可自动完成从起飞到着陆的整个飞行过程。The RQ-4A reached at ceiling of 65125ft, and broke the jet UAV record of 31.5 hours mission flying. The original world record was held by Compass Cope-R UAV for 26 years.RQ-4A在2001年4月进行的飞行试验中,达到了19850米的飞行高度,并打破了喷气动力无人机续航31.5小时的任务飞行记录。这项记录曾经是Compass Cope-R无人机保持了26年之久的世界记录。The Global hawk can carry Electro-Optical (EO) / Infrared (IR) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in the same time. The EO sensor operates in the 0.4 to 0.8 micron visible waveband and the 3.6 to 5 micron infrared band.The EO sensor incorporates a third-generation IR sensor and a Kodak digital charge coupled device (CCD) visible wavelength camera. The SAR system, with Moving Target Indicator (MTI) operates at X-band with a 600 MHz bandwidth and 3.5 kW peak power, can capture the 1 meter precision scroll photo, and 1ft precision photo for point-target investigation.When detecting the 20km/h to 200km/h moving target on the ground, the precision is about 7km. In one mission flight, the Global hawk can proceed extension area radar search and EO/IR photo capturing for 74,000 square kilometers, the minium CEP of the target positioning would be 20 meters.The SAR with a 1.2 meter antenna can penetrate the rain or cloud and be able to proceed continuous moving target surveillance.德国即将装备的“全球鹰”,与美国型号有少许区别“全球鹰”可同时携带光电、红外传感系统和合成孔径雷达。光电传感器工作在0.4到0.8微米波段,红外传感器在3.6到5微米波段。光电系统包括第三代红外传感器和一个柯达(KODAK)数字式电耦合器件(CCD)。合成孔径雷达具有一个X波段、600MHZ、3.5千瓦峰值的活动目标指示器。该雷达获取的条幅式侦察照片可精确到1米,定点侦察照片可精确到0.30米。对以每小时20到200千米行驶的地面移动目标,可精确到7千米。一次任务飞行中,“全球鹰”既可进行大范围雷达搜索,又可提供7.4万平方千米范围内的光电/红外图像,目标定位的圆误差概率最小可达20米。装有1.2米直径天线的合成孔径雷达能穿透云雨等障碍,能连续的监视运动的目标。The more advanced advantage of the Global Hawk is that linked with systems such as the Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System (JDISS) and the Global Command and Control System (GCCS), imagery may be transferred NRT to the operational commander for immediate use, such as targeting, warning, fast attack &re-attack and combat evaluation. And the RQ-4A is capable to fit for different communicaion and control systems of Army, Airforce or Navy. It can use broadband satellite communication as well as the line-of-sight data transmission. The broadband system is good support up to 274 megabits per second, but not currently supported, and 50 megabits per second by a Ku band SATCOM. Global Hawk also carries back-up datalinks.“全球鹰”更先进的优点是,它能与现有的联合部署智能支援系统(JDISS)和全球指挥控制系统(GCCS)联结,图像能直接而实时的传给指挥官实用,用于指示目标、预警、快速攻击与再攻击、战斗评估。RQ-4A还可以适应陆海空军不同的通信控制系统。既可进行宽带卫星通信,又可进行视距数据传输通信。宽带通信系统可达到274MB/秒的传输速率,但目前尚未得到支持。Ku波段的卫星通信系统则可达到50MB/秒。另外机上装有备份的数据链。2005年12月,雷声公司获一项新合同,为诺斯罗普·格鲁门公司的"全球鹰"项目生产地面设备。该"全球鹰"项目将支持美国空军RQ-4A/B"全球鹰"无人机系统。该项合同的财务条款未透露。雷声公司将制造"全球鹰"的另外一些地面设施,包括发射和回收单元、任务控制单元(MCE)和有关的地面通信设备。该无人机系统可近实时向战术指挥官提供高分辨率图像数据。从每架"全球鹰"无人机获得的传感器数据,可通过宽频带射频或卫星数据链路传输到任务控制单元。然后,这些数据分发到现有的指挥和控制系统,或直接发送到已正确装备的战术战场用户或情报使用中心。这次授予的地面设施是来自第4批次"全球鹰"低速初始生产计划。同"全球鹰"地面设施一起,雷神公司的空间与机载系统部还为 "全球鹰"生产传感器组件。2009年6月,美国空军已开展了将装备到RQ-4“全球鹰”无人机的新雷达超过1000小时的飞行试验。试飞使用的是诺斯罗普·格鲁门公司的“普罗透斯(Proteus)”飞机,该机搭载了一套先进的电子扫描阵列雷达系统,该系统能搜索和跟踪地面和空中目标。“普罗透斯”飞机作为一种高空试验平台,用于无人机上使用的有关技术的试验与验证。领导该项试飞工作的美国Hanscom空军基地第851电子系统大队的指挥官Jim Shaw上校称,该传感器在合成孔径模式下工作情况良好,在地面移动目标指示模式下超过了作战要求。“普罗透斯”飞机已完成了186次共计1063飞行小时的飞行。美国空军和诺·格公司主管系统将该传感器集成到首架第40批次“全球鹰”生产型机上,目前该机即将开始试飞。试飞内容包括软件检查、雷达控制和使用等。