[托福写作]托福作文 第一讲
第一讲 写作步骤
1. 评分标准
6 Strongly shows the ability to write an organized, developed, and logical essay. Specific examples and details support the main ideas of the essay. All the elements of the essay are unified and cohesive. A variety of sentence structures are used successfully, and sophisticated vocabulary is employed. Grammatical errors are infrequent but a few minor mistakes may occur.
5 Shows the ability to write an organized, developed, and logical essay. The main ideas are adequately supported by examples and details. Sentence structure may be less varied and vocabulary less sophisticated than that of a level 6 essay. Some grammatical errors will appear.
4 Shows a moderate ability to write an acceptable essay. Although main ideas may be adequately supported, weaknesses in organization and development will be apparent. Significant sentence-structure and vocabulary may lack sophistication or be used inappropriately. Grammatical errors may be frequent.
3 Shows some minimal ability in writing an acceptable essay, but involves serious weaknesses in organization and development. Significant sentence-structure and vocabulary problems occur, and there are frequent grammatical errors that sometimes make the writer''s ideas difficult to comprehend.
2 Shows the inability to write an acceptable essay. Organization and development are very weak and or nonexistent. Lacks unity and cohesion. Few if any specific details may be given in support of the writer''s ideas. If details are given, they may seem inappropriate. Significant and frequent errors in grammar occur throughout the essay. Writer may not have fully understood the essay topic.
1 Clearly shows the inability to write an acceptable essay. No apparent development or organization. Sentences may be brief and incomplete and unrelated to one another. Significant grammatical errors occur throughout the essay and make it difficult to understand any of the author''s ideas. Write may have completely misunderstood the essay topic.
Off Did not write on the topic assigned.
NR Did not write the essay.
2. 写作步骤
1) 审题
Topics:
Some intensive English programs in the United States offer a foreign student the option of living with an American family while he or she is studying abroad. Many students feel that such a home-stay program is a valuable part of their total learning experience. However, others may feel that such a plan offers little value. In a short essay, discuss one or two advantages of living with an American family and then state one or two disadvantages. Tell whether you are in favor of or opposed to the idea of home-stay. Give examples to support your opinion.
2) 构思
Advantages:
· Opportunity to learn about American customs
----How to behave on different occasions
----Other aspects of American life
· Environment to improve English
----Conversation with family members
----Homework
Disadvantages:
· Lack of privacy and independence
----Family activities
· Being treated like a child
----Making friends
----Leisure activities
3) 开头
There is much disagreement over whether it is necessary for a foreign student who is studying in the United States to live with an American family. Some people maintain that the home-stay program is meaningless. Other people, however, argue that such a program is a valuable part of their total learning experience. If I were forced to agree with one of the two positions, my choice would be for the latter.
4) 正文
Why do some people dislike the idea of staying with an American family? For one thing, these people think that living with an American family involves both a lack of privacy and little opportunity to be independent. For instance, the foreign student may find that the family expects him or her to join them in group activities such as watching television and going on picnics. At times, however, he or she might enjoy staying alone to read or to write letters. For another, living in an American home involves the possibility that the family may treat the student like a child. For example, the parents may want to decide who the student''s friends will be and how he or she should spend the leisure time.
Although I agree that there may be one or two disadvantages to living with an American family, I insist that the advantages far outweigh them. In the first place, by taking part in a home-stay program, the student gains an excellent opportunity to learn about American customs. He or she will find out how to behave in different social situations such as parties and ceremonies and how to dress on these occasions. In addition, the student will learn about many other aspects of the American way of life, such as the way schools are run in the United States. With a family close by, he or she can ask questions about attendance rules and school costs. Meanwhile, the family will make certain that the student becomes acquainted with this new way of life, and soon he or she will feel at home. In the second place, living with an American family provides the student with an ideal environment to improve his or her English. For example, each time the student has a conversation with someone in the family, this native speaker can help with his or her pronunciation and grammar. Maybe even the young children in the family can help the student with his or her homework. As a result, English will surround the student most of the time during his or her stay in the United States.
5) 结尾
In conclusion, I believe that the advantages of a home-stay program are more obvious than its disadvantages not only because the student can learn about American customs in the most natural way possible, but also because the student can improve his or her English more effectively in the native language environment.
6) 检查
· Brief Checklist
----Have I answered the question?
----Does my essay have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion?
----Does my introduction have a thesis statement?
----Does each body paragraph have a topic sentence?
----Does each topic sentence have sufficient examples and/or reasons?
----Have I correctly used transitions and reference words?
----Does each paragraph have sentence variety?
----Does my conclusion make it clear which side I support?
----Are there any run-on sentences or fragments?
----Have I used parallel structure correctly?
----Have I indented each paragraph?
----Have I used capital letters correctly?
----Have I made any mistakes in punctuation?
----Are there any spelling mistakes?
----Have I made other obvious grammatical mistakes?
