Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures
点此进入淘宝搜索页搜索分类: 图书,进口原版,Science（科学）,Astronomy（天文学）,Aeronautics & Astronautics,
品牌: John Valasek
基本信息出版社:Wiley; 2 (2012年4月24日)丛书名:Aerospace Series精装:310页正文语种:英语ISBN:0470972866条形码:9780470972861商品尺寸:16.8 x 2.1 x 24.4 cm商品重量:626 gASIN:0470972866商品描述内容简介Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures provides a highly timely presentation of the state-of-the-art, future directions and technical requirements of morphing aircraft. Divided into three sections it addresses morphing aircraft, bio-inspiration, and smart structures with specific focus on the flight control, aerodynamics, bio-mechanics, materials, and structures of these vehicles as well as power requirements and the use of advanced piezo materials and smart actuators. The tutorial approach adopted by the contributors, including underlying concepts and mathematical formulations, unifies the methodologies and tools required to provide practicing engineers and applied researchers with the insight to synthesize morphing air vehicles and morphing structures, as well as offering direction for future research.目录List of Contributors xiiiForeword xvSeries Preface xviiAcknowledgments xix1 Introduction 1
John Valasek1.1 Introduction 11.2 The Early Years: Bio-Inspiration 21.3 The Middle Years: Variable Geometry 51.4 The Later Years: A Return to Bio-Inspiration 91.5 Conclusion 10References 10Part I BIO-INSPIRATION2 Wing Morphing in Insects, Birds and Bats: Mechanism and Function 13
Graham K. Taylor, Anna C. Carruthers, Tatjana Y. Hubel, and Simon M. Walker2.1 Introduction 132.2 Insects 142.2.1 Wing Structure and Mechanism152.2.2 Gross Wing Morphing182.3 Birds 252.3.1 Wing Structure and Mechanism252.3.2 Gross Wing Morphing282.3.3 Local Feather Deflections302.4 Bats 322.4.1 Wing Structure and Mechanism332.4.2 Gross Wing Morphing352.5 Conclusion 37Acknowledgements 37References 383 Bio-Inspiration of Morphing for Micro Air Vehicles 41
Gregg Abate and Wei Shyy3.1 Micro Air Vehicles 413.2 MAV Design Concepts 433.3 Technical Challenges for MAVs 463.4 Flight Characteristics of MAVs and NAVs 473.5 Bio-Inspired Morphing Concepts for MAVs 483.5.1 Wing Planform503.5.2 Airfoil Shape503.5.3 Tail Modulation503.5.4 CG Shifting503.5.5 Flapping Modulation513.6 Outlook for Morphing at the MAV/NAV scale 513.7 Future Challenges 513.8 Conclusion 53References 53Part II CONTROL AND DYNAMICS4 Morphing Unmanned Air Vehicle Intelligent Shape and Flight Control 57
John Valasek, Kenton Kirkpatrick, and Amanda Lampton4.1 Introduction 574.2 A-RLC Architecture Functionality 584.3 Learning Air Vehicle Shape Changes 594.3.1 Overview of Reinforcement Learning594.3.2 Implementation of Shape Change Learning Agent624.4 Mathematical Modeling of Morphing Air Vehicle 634.4.1 Aerodynamic Modeling634.4.2 Constitutive Equations644.4.3 Model Grid674.4.4 Dynamical Modeling684.4.5 Reference Trajectory714.4.6 Shape Memory Alloy Actuator Dynamics714.4.7 Control Effectors on Morphing Wing734.5 Morphing Control Law 734.5.1 Structured Adaptive Model Inversion (SAMI) Control for Attitude Control734.5.2 Update Laws764.5.3 Stability Analysis774.6 Numerical Examples 774.6.1 Purpose and Scope774.6.2 Example 1: Learning New Major Goals774.6.3 Example 2: Learning New Intermediate Goals804.7 Conclusions 84Acknowledgments 84
References 845 Modeling and Simulation of Morphing Wing Aircraft 87
Borna Obradovic and Kamesh Subbarao5.1 Introduction 875.1.1 Gull-Wing Aircraft875.2 Modeling of Aerodynamics with Morphing 885.2.1 Vortex-Lattice Aerodynamics for Morphing905.2.2 Calculation of Forces and Moments925.2.3 Effect of Gull-Wing Morphing on Aerodynamics925.3 Modeling of Flight Dynamics with Morphing 935.3.1 Overview of Standard Approaches935.3.2 Extended Rigid-Body Dynamics975.3.3 Modeling of Morphing1005.4 Actuator Moments and Power 1055.5 Open-Loop Maneuvers and Effects of Morphing 1095.5.1 Longitudinal Maneuvers1095.5.2 Turn Maneuvers1145.6 Control of Gull-Wing Aircraft using Morphing 1185.6.1 Power-Optimal Stability Augmentation System using Morphing1195.7 Conclusion 123Appendix 123References 1246 Flight Dynamics Modeling of Avian-Inspired Aircraft 127
Jared Grauer and James Hubbard Jr6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Unique Characteristics of Flapping Flight 1296.2.1 Experimental Research Flight Platform1296.2.2 Unsteady Aerodynamics1306.2.3 Configuration-Dependent Mass Distribution1316.2.4 Nonlinear Flight Motions1316.3 Vehicle Equations of Motion 1346.3.1 Conventional Models for Aerospace Vehicles1346.3.2 Multibody Model Configuration1366.3.3 Kinematics1386.3.4 Dynamics1386.4 System Identification 1406.4.1 Coupled Actuator Models1416.4.2 Tail Aerodynamics1436.4.3 Wing Aerodynamics1436.5 Simulation and Feedback Control 1446.6 Conclusion 148References 1487 Flight Dynamics of Morphing Aircraft with Time-Varying Inertias 151
Daniel T. Grant, Stephen Sorley, Animesh Chakravarthy, and Rick Lind7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Aircraft 1527.2.1 Design1527.2.2 Modeling1547.3 Equations of Motion 1567.3.1 Body-Axis States1567.3.2 Influence of Time-Varying Inertias1577.3.3 Nonlinear Equations for Moment1577.3.4 Linearized Equations for Moment1597.3.5 Flight Dynamics1617.4 Time-Varying Poles 1627.4.1 Definition1627.4.2 Discussion1647.4.3 Modal Interpretation1647.5 Flight Dynamics with Time-Varying Morphing 1667.5.1 Morphing1667.5.2 Model1667.5.3 Poles1687.5.4 Modal Interpretation171References 1748 Optimal Trajectory Control of Morphing Aircraft in Perching Maneuvers 177
Adam M. Wickenheiser and Ephrahim Garcia8.1 Introduction 1778.2 Aircraft Description 1798.3 Vehicle Equations of Motion 1818.4 Aerodynamics 1858.5 Trajectory Optimization for Perching 1918.6 Optimization Results 1968.7 Conclusions 202References 202Part III SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES9 Morphing Smart Material Actuator Control Using Reinforcement Learning 207
Kenton Kirkpatrick and John Valasek9.1 Introduction to Smart Materials 2079.1.1 Piezoelectrics2089.1.2 Shape Memory Alloys2089.1.3 Challenges in Controlling Shape Memory Alloys2099.2 Introduction to Reinforcement Learning 2109.2.1 The Reinforcement Learning Problem2109.2.2 Temporal-Difference Methods2119.2.3 Action Selection2139.2.4 Function Approximation2159.3 Smart Material Control as a Reinforcement Learning Problem 2189.3.1 State-Spaces and Action-Spaces for Smart Material Actuators2189.3.2 Function Approximation Selection2209.3.3 Exploiting Action-Value Function for Control2209.4 Example 2219.4.1 Simulation2229.4.2 Experimentation2259.5 Conclusion 228References 22910 Incorporation of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators into Morphing Aerostructures 231
Justin R. Schick, Darren J. Hartl and Dimitris C. Lagoudas10.1 Introduction to Shape Memory Alloys 23110.1.1 Underlying Mechanisms23210.1.2 Unique Engineering Effects23310.1.3 Alternate Shape Memory Alloy Options23710.2 Aerospace Applications of SMAs 23810.2.1 Fixed-Wing Aircraft23910.2.2 Rotorcraft24510.2.3 Spacecraft24610.3 Characterization of SMA Actuators and Analysis of Actuator Systems 24710.3.1 Experimental Techniques and Considerations24810.3.2 Established Analysis Tools25210.4 Conclusion 256References 25611 Hierarchical Control and Planning for Advanced Morphing Systems 261
Mrinal Kumar and Suman Chakravorty11.1 Introduction 26111.1.1 Hierarchical Control Philosophy26211.2 Morphing Dynamics and Performance Maps 26411.2.1 Discretization of Performance Maps via Graphs26511.2.2 Planning on Morphing Graphs27011.3 Application to Advanced Morphing Structures 27111.3.1 Morphing Graph Construction27311.3.2 Introduction to the Kagom´e Truss27511.3.3 Examples of Morphing with the Kagom´e Truss27711.4 Conclusion 279References 27912 A Collective Assessment 281
John Valasek12.1 Looking Around: State-of-the-Art 28112.1.1 Bio-Inspiration28112.1.2 Aerodynamics28112.1.3 Structures28212.1.4 Automatic Control28212.2 Looking Ahead: The Way Forward 28212.2.1 Materials28212.2.2 Propulsion28312.3 Conclusion 283Index 285
