RFC2642 - Cabletrons VLS Protocol Specification
Network Working Group L. Kane
Request for Comments: 2642 Cabletron Systems Incorporated
Category: Informational August 1999
Cabletron's VLS Protocol Specification
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The Virtual LAN Link State Protocol (VLSP) is part of the InterSwitch
Message Protocol (ISMP) which provides interswitch communication
between switches running Cabletron's SecureFast VLAN (SFVLAN)
prodUCt. VLSP is used to determine and maintain a fully connected
mesh topology graph of the switch fabric. Each switch maintains an
identical database describing the topology. Call-originating switches
use the topology database to determine the path over which to route a
call connection.
VLSP provides support for equal-cost multipath routing, and
recalculates routes quickly in the face of topological changes,
utilizing a minimum of routing protocol traffic.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................ 3
1.1 Acknowledgments..................................... 3
1.2 Data Conventions.................................... 3
1.3 ISMP Overview....................................... 4
2. VLS Protocol Overview................................... 5
2.1 Definitions of Commonly Used Terms.................. 6
2.2 Differences Between VLSP and OSPF................... 7
2.2.1 Operation at the Physical Layer............... 8
2.2.2 All Links Treated as Point-to-Point........... 8
2.2.3 Routing Path Information...................... 9
2.2.4 Configurable Parameters....................... 9
2.2.5 Features Not supported........................ 9
2.3 Functional Summary.................................. 10
2.4 Protocol Packets.................................... 11
2.5 Protocol Data Structures............................ 12
2.6 Basic Implementation Requirements................... 12
2.7 Organization of the Remainder of This Document...... 13
3. Interface Data Structure................................ 14
3.1 Interface States.................................... 16
3.2 Events Causing Interface State Changes.............. 18
3.3 Interface State Machine............................. 21
4. Neighbor Data Structure................................. 23
4.1 Neighbor States..................................... 25
4.2 Events Causing Neighbor State Changes............... 27
4.3 Neighbor State Machine.............................. 29
5. Area Data Structure..................................... 33
5.1 Adding and Deleting Link State Advertisements....... 34
5.2 Accessing Link State Advertisements................. 35
5.3 Best Path Lookup.................................... 35
6. Discovery Process....................................... 35
6.1 Neighbor Discovery.................................. 36
6.2 Bidirectional Communication......................... 37
6.3 Designated Switch................................... 38
6.3.1 Selecting the Designated Switch............... 39
6.4 Adjacencies......................................... 41
7. Synchronizing the Databases............................. 42
7.1 Link State Advertisements........................... 43
7.1.1 Determining Which
Link State Advertisement Is Newer............. 44
7.2 Database Exchange Process........................... 44
7.2.1 Database Description Packets.................. 44
7.2.2 Negotiating the Master/Slave Relationship..... 45
7.2.3 Exchanging Database Description Packets....... 46
7.3 Updating the Database............................... 48
7.4 An Example.......................................... 49
8. Maintaining the Databases............................... 51
8.1 Originating Link State Advertisements............... 52
8.1.1 Switch Link Advertisements.................... 52
8.1.2 Network Link Advertisements................... 55
8.2 Distributing Link State Advertisements.............. 56
8.2.1 Overview...................................... 57
8.2.2 Processing an
Incoming Link State Update Packet............. 58
8.2.3 Forwarding Link State Advertisements.......... 60
8.2.4 Installing Link
State Advertisements in the Database.......... 62
8.2.5 Retransmitting Link State Advertisements...... 63
8.2.6 Acknowledging Link State Advertisements....... 64
8.3 Aging the Link State Database....................... 66
8.3.1 Premature Aging of Advertisements............. 66
9. Calculating the Best Paths.............................. 67
10. Protocol Packets........................................ 67
10.1 ISMP Packet Format................................. 68
10.1.1 Frame Header................................ 69
10.1.2 ISMP Packet Header.......................... 70
10.1.3 ISMP Message Body........................... 71
10.2 VLSP Packet Processing............................. 71
10.3 Network Layer Address Information.................. 72
10.4 VLSP Packet Header................................. 73
10.5 Options Field...................................... 75
10.6 Packet Formats..................................... 76
10.6.1 Hello Packets............................... 76
10.6.2 Database Description Packets................ 78
10.6.3 Link State Request Packets.................. 80
10.6.4 Link State Update Packets................... 82
10.6.5 Link State Acknowledgment Packets........... 83
11. Link State Advertisement Formats........................ 84
11.1 Link State Advertisement Headers................... 84
11.2 Switch Link Advertisements......................... 86
11.3 Network Link Advertisements........................ 89
12. Protocol Parameters..................................... 89
12.1 Architectural Constants............................ 90
12.2 Configurable Parameters............................ 91
13. End Notes............................................... 93
14. Security Considerations................................. 94
15. References.............................................. 94
16. Author's Address........................................ 94
17. Full Copyright Statement................................ 95
1. Introduction
This memo is being distributed to members of the Internet community
in order to solicit reactions to the proposals contained herein.
While the specification discussed here may not be directly relevant
to the research problems of the Internet, it may be of interest to
researchers and implementers.
1.1 Acknowledgments
VLSP is derived from the OSPF link-state routing protocol described
in [RFC2328], written by John Moy, formerly of Proteon, Inc.,
Westborough, Massachusetts. Much of the current memo has been drawn
from [RFC2328]. Therefore, this author wishes to acknowledge the
contribution Mr. Moy has (unknowingly) made to this document.
1.2 Data Conventions
The methods used in this memo to describe and picture data adhere to
the standards of Internet Protocol documentation [RFC1700]. In
particular:
The convention in the documentation of Internet Protocols is to
eXPress numbers in decimal and to picture data in "big-endian"
order. That is, fields are described left to right, with the most
significant octet on the left and the least significant octet on
the right. The order of transmission of the header and data
described in this document is resolved to the octet level.
Whenever a diagram shows a group of octets, the order of
transmission of those octets is the normal order in which they are
read in English.
Whenever an octet represents a numeric quantity the left most bit
in the diagram is the high order or most significant bit. That
is, the bit labeled 0 is the most significant bit.
Similarly, whenever a multi-octet field represents a numeric
quantity the left most bit of the whole field is the most
significant bit. When a multi-octet quantity is transmitted the
most significant octet is transmitted first.
1.3 ISMP Overview
The InterSwitch Message Protocol (ISMP) provides a consistent method
of encapsulating and transmitting control messages exchanged between
switches running Cabletron's SecureFast VLAN (SFVLAN) product, as
described in [IDsfvlan]. ISMP provides the following services:
o Topology services. Each switch maintains a distributed topology
of the switch fabric by exchanging the following interswitch
control messages with other switches:
o Interswitch Keepalive messages are sent by each switch to announce
its existence to its neighboring switches and to establish the
topology of the switch fabric. (Interswitch Keepalive messages
are exchanged in accordance with Cabletron's VlanHello protocol,
described in [IDhello].)
o Interswitch Spanning Tree BPDU messages and Interswitch Remote
Blocking messages are used to determine and maintain a loop-free
flood path between all network switches in the fabric. This flood
path is used for all undirected interswitch messages -- that is,
messages that are (potentially) sent to all switches in the switch
fabric.
o Interswitch Link State messages (VLS protocol) are used to
determine and maintain a fully connected mesh topology graph of
the switch fabric. Call-originating switches use the topology
graph to determine the path over which to route a call connection.
o Address resolution services. Interswitch Resolve messages are
used to resolve a packet destination address when the packet
source and destination pair does not match a known connection.
Interswitch New User messages are used to provide end-station
address mobility between switches.
o Tag-based flooding. A tag-based broadcast method is used to
restrict the broadcast of unresolved packets to only those ports
within the fabric that belong to the same VLAN as the source.
o Call tapping services. Interswitch Tap messages are used to
monitor traffic moving between two end stations. Traffic can be
monitored in one or both directions along the connection path.
Note: Previous versions of VLSP treated all links as if they were
broadcast (multi-access). Thus, if VLSP determines that a neighbor
switch is running an older version of the protocol software (see
Section 6.1), it will change the interface type to broadcast and
begin exchanging Hello packets with the single neighbor switch.
2. VLS Protocol Overview
VLSP is a dynamic routing protocol. It quickly detects topological
changes in the switch fabric (such as, switch interface failures) and
calculates new loop-free routes after a period of convergence. This
period of convergence is short and involves a minimum of routing
traffic.
All switches in the fabric run the same algorithm and maintain
identical databases describing the switch fabric topology. This
database contains each switch's local state, including its usable
interfaces and reachable neighbors. Each switch distributes its
local state throughout the switch fabric by flooding. From the
topological database, each switch constructs a set of best path trees
(using itself as the root) that specify routes to all other switches
in the fabric.
2.1 Definitions of Commonly Used Terms
This section contains a collection of definitions for terms that have
a specific meaning to the protocol and that are used throughout the
text.
Switch ID
A 10-octet value that uniquely identifies the switch within the
switch fabric. The value consists of the 6-octet base MAC address
of the switch, followed by 4 octets of zeroes.
Network link
The physical connection between two switches. A link is
associated with a switch interface.
There are two physical types of network links supported by VLSP:
o Point-to-point links that join a single pair of switches. A
serial line is an example of a point-to-point network link.
o Multi-access broadcast links that support the attachment of
multiple switches, along with the capability to address a
single message to all the attached switches. An attached
ethernet is an example of a multi-access broadcast network
link.
A single topology can contain both types of links. At startup,
all links are assumed to be point-to-point. A link is
determined to be multi-access when more than one neighboring
switch is discovered on the link.
Interface
The port over which a switch accesses one of its links.
Interfaces are identified by their interface ID, a 10-octet value
consisting of the 6-octet base MAC address of the switch, followed
by the 4-octet local port number of the interface.
Neighboring switches
Two switches attached to a common link.
Adjacency
A relationship formed between selected neighboring switches for
the purpose of exchanging routing information. Not every pair of
neighboring switches become adjacent.
Link state advertisement
Describes the local state of a switch or a link. Each link state
advertisement is flooded throughout the switch fabric. The
collected link state advertisements of all switches and links form
the protocol's topological database.
Designated switch
Each multi-access network link has a designated switch. The
designated switch generates a link state advertisement for the
link and has other special responsibilities in the running of the
protocol.
The use of a designated switch permits a reduction in the number
of adjacencies required on multi-access links. This in turn
reduces the amount of routing protocol traffic and the size of the
topological database.
The designated switch is selected during the discovery process. A
designated switch is not selected for a point-to-point network
link.
Backup designated switch
Each multi-access network link has a backup designated switch.
The backup designated switch maintains adjacencies with the same
switches on the link as the designated switch. This optimizes the
failover time when the backup designated switch must take over for
the (failed) designated switch.
The backup designated switch is selected during the Discovery
process. A backup designated switch is not selected for a point-
to-point network link.
2.2 Differences Between VLSP and OSPF
The VLS protocol is derived from the OSPF link-state routing protocol
described in [RFC2328].
2.2.1 Operation at the Physical Layer
The primary differences between the VLS and OSPF protocols stem from
the fact that OSPF runs over the IP layer, while VLSP runs at the
physical MAC layer. This difference has the following repercussions:
o VLSP does not support features (such as fragmentation) that are
typically provided by network layer service providers.
o Due to the unrelated nature of MAC address assignments, VLSP
provides no summarization of the address space (such as, classical
IP subnet information) or level 2 routing (such as,
IS-IS Phase V DECnet). Thus, VLSP does not support grouping
switches into areas. All switches exist in a single area. Since
a single domain exists within any switch fabric, there is no need
for VLSP to provide interdomain reachability.
o As mentioned in Section 10.1.1, ISMP uses a single well-known
multicast address for all packets. However, parts of the VLS
protocol (as derived from OSPF) are dependent on certain network
layer addresses -- in particular, the AllSPFSwitches and
AllDSwitches multicast addresses that drive the distribution of
link state advertisements throughout the switch fabric. In order
to facilitate the implementation of the protocol at the physical
MAC layer, network layer address information is encapsulated in
the protocol packets (see Section 10.3). This information is
unbundled and packets are then processed as if they had been sent
or received on that multicast address.
2.2.2 All Links Treated as Point-to-Point
When the switch first comes on line, VLSP assumes all network links
are point-to-point and no more than one neighboring switch will be
discovered on any one port. Therefore, at startup, VLSP does not
send its own Hello packets over its network ports, but instead,
relies on the VlanHello protocol [IDhello] for the discovery of its
neighbor switches. If a second neighbor is detected on a link, the
link is then deemed multi-access and the interface type is changed to
broadcast. At that point, VLSP exchanges its own Hello packets with
the switches on the link in order to select a designated switch and
designated backup switch for the link.
This method eliminates unnecessary duplication of message traffic and
processing, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the switch
fabric.
Note: Previous versions of VLSP treated all links as if they were
broadcast (multi-access). Thus, if VLSP determines that a neighbor
switch is running an older version of the protocol software (see
Section 6.1), it will change the interface type to broadcast and
begin exchanging Hello packets with the single neighbor switch.
2.2.3 Routing Path Information
Instead of providing the next hop to a destination, VLSP calculates
and maintains complete end-to-end path information. On request, a
list of individual port identifiers is generated describing a
complete path from the source switch to the destination switch. If
multiple equal-cost routes exist to a destination switch, up to three
paths are calculated and returned.
2.2.4 Configurable Parameters
OSPF supports (and requires) configurable parameters. In fact, even
the default OSPF configuration requires that IP address assignments
be specified. On the other hand, no configuration information is
ever required for the VLS protocol. Switches are uniquely identified
by their base MAC addresses and ports are uniquely identified by the
base MAC address of the switch and a port number.
While a developer is free to implement configurable parameters for
the VLS protocol, the current version of VLSP supports configurable
path metrics only. Note that this has the following repercussions:
o All switches are assigned a switch priority of 1. This forces the
selection of the designated switch to be based solely on base MAC
address.
o Authentication is not supported.
2.2.5 Features Not supported
In addition to those features mentioned in the previous sections, the
following OSPF features are not supported by the current version of
VLSP:
o Periodic refresh of link state advertisements. (This optimizes
performance by eliminating unnecessary traffic between the
switches.)
o Routing based on non-zero type of service (TOS).
o Use of external routing information for destinations outside the
switch fabric.
2.3 Functional Summary
There are essentially four operational stages of the VLS protocol.
o Discovery Process The discovery process involves two steps:
o Neighboring switches are detected by the VlanHello protocol
[IDhello] which then notifies VLSP of the neighbor.
o If more than one neighbor switch is detected on a single port,
the link is determined to be multi-access. VLSP then sends its
own Hello packets over the link in order to discover the full
set of neighbors on the link and select a designated switch and
designated backup switch for the link. Note that this
selection process is unnecessary on point-to-point links.
The discovery process is described in more detail in Section 6.
o Synchronizing the Databases
Adjacencies are used to simplify and speed up the process of
synchronizing the topological database (also known as the link
state database) maintained by each switch in the fabric. Each
switch is only required to synchronize its database with those
neighbors to which it is adjacent. This reduces the amount of
routing protocol traffic across the fabric, particularly for
multi-access links with multiple switches.
The process of synchronizing the databases is described in more
detail in Section 7.
o Maintaining the Databases
Each switch advertises its state (also known as its link state)
any time its link state changes. Link state advertisements are
distributed throughout the switch fabric using a reliable flooding
algorithm that ensures that all switches in the fabric are
notified of any link state changes.
The process of maintaining the databases is described in more
detail in Section 8.
o Calculating the Best Paths
The link state database consists of the collection of link state
advertisements received from each switch. Each switch uses its
link state database to calculate a set of best paths, using itself
as root, to all other switches in the fabric.
The process of recalculating the set of best paths is described in
more detail in Section 9.
2.4 Protocol Packets
In addition to the frame header and the ISMP packet header described
in Section 10.1, all VLS protocol packets share a common protocol
header, described in Section 10.4.
The VLSP packet types are listed below in Table 1. Their formats are
described in Section 10.6.
Type Packet Name Protocol Function
1 Hello Select DS and Backup DS
2 Database Description Summarize database contents
3 Link State Request Database download
4 Link State Update Database update
5 Link State Ack Flooding acknowledgment
Table 1: VLSP Packet Types
The Hello packets are used to select the designated switch and the
backup designated switch on multi-access links. The Database
Description and Link State Request packets are used to form
adjacencies. Link State Update and Link State Acknowledgment packets
are used to update the topological database.
Each Link State Update packet carries a set of link state
advertisements. A single Link State Update packet may contain the
link state advertisements of several switches. There are two
different types of link state advertisement, as shown below in Table
2.
LS Advertisement Advertisement Description
Type Name
1 Switch link Originated by all switches. This
advertisements advertisement describes the collected
states of the switch's interfaces.
2 Network link Originated by the designated switch.
advertisements This advertisement contains the list
of switches connected to the network
link.
Table 2: VLSP Link State Advertisements
2.5 Protocol Data Structures
The VLS protocol is described in this specification in terms of its
operation on various protocol data structures. Table 3 lists the
primary VLSP data structures, along with the section in which they
are described in detail.
Structure Name Description
Interface Data Structure Section 3
Neighbor Data Structure Section 4
Area Data Structure Section 5
Table 3: VLSP Data Structures
2.6 Basic Implementation Requirements
An implementation of the VLS protocol requires the following pieces
of system support:
Timers
Two types of timer are required. The first type, known as a one-
shot timer, expires once and triggers an event. The second type,
known as an interval timer, expires at preset intervals. Interval
timers are used to trigger events at periodic intervals. The
granularity of both types of timers is one second.
Interval timers should be implemented in such a way as to avoid
drift. In some switch implementations, packet processing can
affect timer execution. For example, on a multi-access link with
multiple switches, regular broadcasts can lead to undesirable
synchronization of routing packets unless the interval timers have
been implemented to avoid drift. If it is not possible to
implement drift-free timers, small random amounts of time should
be added to or suBTracted from the timer interval at each firing.
List manipulation primitives
Much of the functionality of VLSP is described here in terms of
its operation on lists of link state advertisements. Any
particular advertisement may be on many such lists. Implementation
of VLSP must be able to manipulate these lists, adding and
deleting constituent advertisements as necessary.
TaSKINg support
Certain procedures described in this specification invoke other
procedures. At times, these other procedures should be executed
in-line -- that is, before the current procedure has finished.
This is indicated in the text by instructions to "execute" a
procedure. At other times, the other procedures are to be
executed only when the current procedure has finished. This is
indicated by instructions to "schedule" a task. Implementation of
VLSP must provide these two types of tasking support.
2.7 Organization of the Remainder of This Document
The remainder of this document is organized as follows:
o Section 3 through Section 5 describe the primary data structures
used by the protocol. Note that this specification is presented
in terms of these data structures in order to make explanations
more precise. Implementations of the protocol must support the
functionality described, but need not use the exact data
structures that appear in this specification.
o Section 6 through Section 9 describe the four operational stages
of the protocol: the discovery process, synchronizing the
databases, maintaining the databases, and calculating the set of
best paths.
o Section 10 describes the processing of VLSP packets and presents
detailed descriptions of their formats.
o Section 11 presents detailed descriptions of link state
advertisements.
o Section 12 summarizes the protocol parameters.
3. Interface Data Structure
The port over which a switch accesses a network link is known as the
link interface. Each switch maintains a separate interface data
structure for each network link.
The following data items are associated with each interface:
Type
The type of network to which the interface is attached -- point-
to-point or broadcast (multi-access). This data item is
initialized to point-to-point when the interface becomes
operational. If a second neighbor is detected on the link after
the first neighbor has been discovered, the link interface type is
changed to broadcast. The type remains as broadcast until the
interface is declared down, at which time the type reverts to
point-to-point.
Note: Previous versions of VLSP treated all links as if they were
multi-access. Thus, if VLSP determines that a neighbor switch is
running an older version of the protocol software (see Section 6.1),
it will change the interface type to broadcast.
State
The functional level of the interface. The state of the interface
is included in all switch link advertisements generated by the
switch, and is also used to determine whether full adjacencies are
allowed on the interface. See Section 3.1 for a complete
description of interface states.
Interface identifier
A 10-octet value that uniquely identifies the interface. This
value consists of the 6-octet base MAC address of the neighbor
switch, followed by the 4-octet local port number of the
interface.
Area ID
A 4-octet value identifying the area. Since VLSP does not support
multiple areas, the value here is always zero.
HelloInterval
The interval, in seconds, at which the switch sends VLSP Hello
packets over the interface. This parameter is not used on point-
to-point links.
SwitchDeadInterval
The length of time, in seconds, that neighboring switches will
wait before declaring the local switch dNeighboring switches
A list of the neighboring switches attached to this network link.
This list is created during the discovery process. Adjacencies are
formed to one or more of these neighbors. The set of adjacent
neighbors can be determined by examining the states of the
neighboring switches as shown in their link state advertisements.
Designated switch
The designated switch selected for the multi-access network link.
(A designated switch is not selected for a point-to-point link.)
This data item is initialized to zero when the switch comes on-
line, indicating that no designated switch has been chosen for the
link.
Backup designated switch
The backup designated switch selected for the multi-access network
link. (A backup designated switch is not selected for a point-
to-point link.) This data item is initialized to zero when the
switch comes on-line, indicating that no backup designated switch
has been chosen for the link.
Interface output cost(s)
The cost of sending a packet over the interface. The link cost is
expressed in the link state metric and must be greater than zero.
RxmtInterval
The number of seconds between link state advertisement
retransmissions, for adjacencies belonging to this interface. This
value is also used to time the retransmission of Database
Description and Link State Request packets.
3.1 Interface States
This section describes the various states of a switch interface. The
states are listed in order of progressing functionality. For example,
the inoperative state is listed first, followed by a list of the
intermediate states through which the interface passes before
attaining the final, fully functional state. The specification makes
use of this ordering by references such as "those interfaces in state
greater than X".
Figure 1 represents the interface state machine, showing the
progression of interface state changes. The arrows on the graph
represent the events causing each state change. These events are
described in Section 3.2. The interface state machine is described
in detail in Section 3.3.
Down
This is the initial state of the interface. In this state, the
interface is unusable, and no protocol traffic is sent or received
on the interface. In this state, interface parameters are set to
their initial values, all interface timers are disabled, and no
adjacencies are associated with the interface.
+-------+
any Interface +----------+ Unloop Ind +----------+
state -----------> Down <----------- Loopback
+-------+ Down +----------+ +----------+
^
Interface Up
+-------+ [pt-to-pt]
Point <------------type? Loop Ind
to
Point [broadcast]
+-------+ V +-------+
+-----------+ any
Waiting state
+-----------+ +-------+
Backup Seen
Wait Timer
+----------+ Neighbor V Neighbor +----------+
DS <------------> [ ] <------------> DS Other
+----------+ Change ^ Change +----------+
Neighbor Change
V
+----------+
Backup
+----------+
Figure 1: Interface State Machine
Loopback
In this state, the switch interface is looped back, either in
hardware or in software. The interface is unavailable for regular
data traffic.
Point-to-Point
In this state, the interface is operational and is connected to a
physical point-to-point link. On entering this state, the switch
attempts to form an adjacency with the neighboring switch.
Waiting
In this state, the switch is attempting to identify the backup
designated switch for the link by monitoring the Hello packets it
receives. The switch does not attempt to select a designated
switch or a backup designated switch until it changes out of this
state, thereby preventing unnecessary changes of the designated
switch and its backup.
DS Other
In this state, the interface is operational and is connected to a
multi-access broadcast link on which other switches have been
selected as the designated switch and the backup designated
switch. On entering this state, the switch attempts to form
adjacencies with both the designated switch and the backup
designated switch.
Backup
In this state, the switch itself is the backup designated switch
on the attached multi-access broadcast link. It will be promoted
to designated switch if the current designated switch fails. The
switch establishes adjacencies with all other switches attached to
the link. (See Section 6.3 for more information on the functions
performed by the backup designated switch.)
DS
In this state, this switch itself is the designated switch on the
attached multi-access broadcast link. The switch establishes
adjacencies with all other switches attached to the link. The
switch is responsible for originating network link advertisements
for the link, containing link information for all switches
attached to the link, including the designated switch itself.
(See Section 6.3 for more information on the functions performed
by the designated switch.)
3.2 Events Causing Interface State Changes
The state of an interface changes due to an interface event. This
section describes these events.
Interface events are shown as arrows in Figure 1, the graphic
representation of the interface state machine. For more information
on the interface state machine, see Section 3.3.
Interface Up
This event is generated by the VlanHello protocol [IDhello] when
it discovers a neighbor switch on the interface. The interface is
now operational. This event causes the interface to change out of
the Down state. The state it enters is determined by the
interface type. If the interface type is broadcast (multi-
access), this event also causes the switch to begin sending
periodic Hello packets out over the interface.
Wait Timer
This event is generated when the one-shot Wait timer expires,
triggering the end of the required waiting period before the
switch can begin the process of selecting a designated switch and
a backup designated switch on a multi-access link.
Backup Seen
This event is generated when the switch has detected the existence
or non-existence of a backup designated switch for the link, as
determined in one of the following two ways:
o A Hello packet has been received from a neighbor that claims to
be the backup designated switch.
o A Hello packet has been received from a neighbor that claims to
be the designated switch. In addition, the packet indicated
that there is no backup.
In either case, the interface must have bidirectional communication
with its neighbor -- that is, the local switch must be listed in the
neighbor's Hello packet.
This event signals the end of the Waiting state.
Neighbor change
This event is generated when there has been one of the following
changes in the set of bidirectional neighbors associated with the
interface. (See Section 4.1 for information on neighbor states.)
o Bidirectional communication has been established with a
neighbor -- the state of the neighbor has changed to 2-Way or
higher.
o Bidirectional communication with a neighbor has been lost --
the state of the neighbor has changed to Init or lower.
o A bidirectional neighbor has just declared itself to be either
the designated switch or the backup designated switch, as
detected by examination of that neighbor's Hello packets.
o A bidirectional neighbor is no longer declaring itself to be
either the designated switch or the backup designated switch,
as detected by examination of that neighbor's Hello packets.
o The advertised switch priority of a bidirectional neighbor has
changed, as detected by examination of that neighbor's Hello
packets.
When this event occurs, the designated switch and the backup
designated switch must be reselected.
Loop Ind
This event is generated when an interface enters the Loopback
state. This event can be generated by either the network
management service or by the lower-level protocols.
Unloop Ind
This event is generated when an interface leaves the Loopback
state. This event can be generated by either the network
management service or by the lower-level protocols.
Interface Down
This event is generated under the following two circumstances:
o The VlanHello [IDhello] protocol has determined that the
interface is no longer functional.
o The neighbor state machine has detected a second neighboring
switch on a link presumed to be of type point-to-point. In
addition to generating the Interface Down event, the
neighbor state machine changes the interface type to
broadcast.
In both instances, this event forces the interface state to Down.
However, when the event is generated by the neighbor state
machine, it is immediately followed by an Interface Up event.
(See Section 4.3.)
3.3 Interface State Machine
This section presents a detailed description of the interface state
machine.
Interface states (see Section 3.1) change as the result of various
events (see Section 3.2). However, the effect of each event can
vary, depending on the current state of the interface. For this
reason, the state machine described in this section is organized
according to the current interface state and the occurring event.
For each state/event pair, the new interface state is listed, along
with a description of the required processing.
Note that when the state of an interface changes, it may be necessary
to originate a new switch link advertisement. See Section 8.1 for
more information.
Some of the processing described here includes generating events for
the neighbor state machine. For example, when an interface becomes
inoperative, all neighbor connections associated with the interface
must be destroyed. For more information on the neighbor state
machine, see Section 4.3.
State(s): Down
Event: Interface Up
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
If the interface is a point-to-point link, set the interface state
to Point-to-Point. Otherwise, start the Hello interval timer,
enabling the periodic sending of Hello packets over the interface.
If the switch is not eligible to become the designated switch,
change the interface state to DS Other. Otherwise, set the
interface state to Waiting and start the one-shot wait timer.
Create a new neighbor data structure for the neighbor switch,
initialize all neighbor parameters and set the stateof the
neighbor to Down.
State(s): Waiting
Event: Backup Seen
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
Select the designated switch and backup designated switch for the
attached link, as described in Section 6.3.1. As a result of this
selection, set the new state of the interface to either DS Other,
Backup or DS.
State(s): Waiting
Event: Wait Timer
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
Select the designated switch and backup designated switch for the
attached link, as described in Section 6.3.1. As a result of this
selection, set the new state of the interface to either DS Other,
Backup or DS.
State(s): DS Other, Backup or DS
Event: Neighbor Change
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
Reselect the designated switch and backup designated switch for
the attached link, as described in Section 6.3.1. As a result of
this selection, set the new state of the interface to either DS
Other, Backup or DS.
State(s): Any State
Event: Interface Down
New state: Down
Action:
Reset all variables in the interface data structure and disable
all timers. In addition, destroy all neighbor connections
associated with the interface by generating the KillNbr event on
all neighbors listed in the interface data structure.
State(s): Any State
Event: Loop Ind
New state: Loopback
Action:
Reset all variables in the interface data structure and disable
all timers. In addition, destroy all neighbor connections
associated with the interface by generating the KillNbr event on
all neighbors listed in the interface data structure.
State(s): Loopback
Event: Unloop Ind
New state: Down
Action:
No action is necessary beyond changing the interface state to Down
because the interface was reset on entering the Loopback state.
4. Neighbor Data Structure
Each switch conducts a conversation with its neighboring switches and
each conversation is described by a neighbor data structure. A
conversation is associated with a switch interface, and is identified
by the neighboring switch ID.
Note that if two switches have multiple attached links in common,
multiple conversations ensue, each described by a unique neighbor
data structure. Each separate conversation is treated as a separate
neighbor.
The neighbor data structure contains all information relevant to any
adjacency formed between the two neighbors. Remember, however, that
not all neighbors become adjacent. An adjacency can be thought of as
a highly developed conversation between two switches.
State
The functional level of the neighbor conversation. See Section
4.1 for a complete description of neighbor states.
Inactivity timer
A one-shot timer used to determine when to declare the neighbor
down if no Hello packet is received from this (multi-access)
neighbor. The length of the timer is SwitchDeadInterval seconds,
as contained in the neighbor's Hello packet. This timer is not
used on point-to-point links.
Master/slave flag
A flag indicating whether the local switch is to act as the master
or the slave in the database exchange process (see Section 7.2).
The master/slave relationship is negotiated when the conversation
changes to the ExStart state.
Sequence number
A 4-octet number identifying individual Database Description
packets. When the neighbor state ExStart is entered and the
database exchange process is started, the sequence number is set
to a value not previously seen by the neighboring switch. (One
possible scheme is to use the switch's time of day counter.) The
sequence number is then incremented by the master with each new
Database Description packet sent. See Section 7.2 for more
information on the database exchange process.
Neighbor ID
The switch ID of the neighboring switch, as discovered by the
VlanHello protocol [IDhello] or contained in the neighbor's Hello
packets.
Neighbor priority
The switch priority of the neighboring switch, as contained in the
neighbor's Hello packets. Switch priorities are used when
selecting the designated switch for the attached multi-access
link. Priority is not used on point-to-point links.
Interface identifier
A 10-octet value that uniquely identifies the interface over which
this conversation is being held. This value consists of the 6-
octet base MAC address of the neighbor switch, followed by the 4-
octet local port number of the interface.
Neighbor's designated switch
The switch ID identifying the neighbor's idea of the designated
switch, as contained in the neighbor's Hello packets. This value
is used in the local selection of the designated switch. It is
not used on point-to-point links.
Neighbor's backup designated switch
The switch ID identifying the neighbor's idea of the backup
designated switch, as contained in the neighbor's Hello packets.
This value is used in the local selection of the backup designated
switch. It is not used on point-to-point links.
Link state retransmission list
The list of link state advertisements that have been forwarded
over but not acknowledged on this adjacency. The local switch
retransmits these link state advertisements at periodic intervals
until they are acknowledged or until the adjacency is destroyed.
(For more information on retransmitting link state advertisements,
see Section 8.2.5.)
Database summary list
The set of link state advertisement headers that summarize the
local link state database. When the conversation changes to the
Exchange state, this list is sent to the neighbor via Database
Description packets. (For more information on the synchronization
of databases, see Section 7.)
Link state request list
The list of link state advertisements that must be received in
order to synchronize with the neighbor switch's link state
database. This list is created as Database Description packets
are received, and is then sent to the neighbor in Link State
Request packets. (For more information on the synchronization of
databases, see Section 7.)
4.1 Neighbor States
This section describes the various states of a conversation with a
neighbor switch. The states are listed in order of progressing
functionality. For example, the inoperative state is listed first,
followed by a list of the intermediate states through which the
conversation passes before attaining the final, fully functional
state. The specification makes use of this ordering by references
such as "those neighbors/adjacencies in state greater than X".
Figure 2 represents the neighbor state machine. The arrows on the
graph represent the events causing each state change. These events
are described in Section 4.2. The neighbor state machine is
described in detail in Section 4.3.
Down
This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation.
Init
In this state, the neighbor has been discovered, but bidirectional
communication has not yet been established. All neighbors in this
state or higher are listed in the VLS Hello packets sent by the
local switch over the associated (multi-access) interface.
+----------+ KillNbr, LLDown, +-----------+
Down <--------------------- any state
+----------+ or Inactivity Timer +-----------+
Hello
Rcvd
V
+-----< [pt-to-pt?]
yes
no
V
+----------+ 1-Way +----------+
Init <-------- >= 2-way
+----------+ +----------+
2-Way
Rcvd +-------+ AdjOK? +------------+
+----------------> 2-Way <------- >= ExStart
(no adjacency) +-------+ no +------------+
V
+---------+ Seq Number Mismatch +-------------+
+----> ExStart <--------------------- >= Exchange
+---------+ or BadLSReq +-------------+
Negotiation
Done
V
+----------+
Exchange
+----------+
Exchange +--------+
Done +----------------------> Full
(request list empty) +--------+
^
V
+---------+ Loading Done
Loading ----------------------->
+---------+
Figure 2: Neighbor State Machine
2-Way
In this state, communication between the two switches is
bidirectional. This is the most advanced state short of beginning
to establish an adjacency. On a multi-access link, the designated
switch and the backup designated switch are selected from the set
of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
ExStart
This state indicates that the two switches have begun to establish
an adjacency by determining which switch is the master, as well as
the initial sequence number for Database Descriptor packets.
Neighbor conversations in this state or greater are called
adjacencies.
Exchange
In this state, the switches are exchanging Database Description
packets. (See Section 7.2 for a complete description of this
process.) All adjacencies in the Exchange state or greater are
used by the distribution procedure (see Section 8.2), and are
capable of transmitting and receiving all types of VLSP routing
packets.
Loading
In this state, the local switch is sending Link State Request
packets to the neighbor asking for the more recent advertisements
that were discovered in the Exchange state.
Full
In this state, the two switches are fully adjacent. These
adjacencies will now appear in switch link and network link
advertisements generated for the link.
4.2 Events Causing Neighbor State Changes
The state of a neighbor conversation changes due to neighbor events.
This section describes these events.
Neighbor events are shown as arrows in Figure 2, the graphic
representation of the neighbor state machine. For more information
on the neighbor state machine, see Section 4.3.
Hello Received
This event is generated when a Hello packet has been received from
a neighbor.
2-Way Received
This event is generated when the local switch sees its own switch
ID listed in the neighbor's Hello packet, indicating that
bidirectional communication has been established between the two
switches.
Negotiation Done
This event is generated when the master/slave relationship has
been successfully negotiated and initial packet sequence numbers
have been exchanged. This event signals the start of the database
exchange process (see Section 7.2).
Exchange Done
This event is generated when the database exchange process is
complete and both switches have successfully transmitted a full
sequence of Database Description packets. (For more information
on the database exchange process, see Section 7.2.)
BadLSReq
This event is generated when a Link State Request has been
received for a link state advertisement that is not contained in
the database. This event indicates an error in the
synchronization process.
Loading Done
This event is generated when all Link State Updates have been
received for all out-of-date portions of the database. (See
Section 7.3.)
AdjOK?
This event is generated when a decision must be made as to whether
an adjacency will be established or maintained with the neighbor.
This event will initiate some adjacencies and destroy others.
Seq Number Mismatch
This event is generated when a Database Description packet has
been received with any of the following conditions:
o The packet contains an unexpected sequence number.
o The packet (unexpectedly) has the Init bit set.
o The packet has a different Options field than was
previously seen.
These conditions all indicate that an error has occurred during
the establishment of the adjacency.
1-Way
This event is generated when bidirectional communication with the
neighbor has been lost. That is, a Hello packet has been received
from the neighbor in which the local switch is not listed.
KillNbr
This event is generated when further communication with the
neighbor is impossible.
Inactivity Timer
This event is generated when the inactivity timer has expired,
indicating that no Hello packets have been received from the
neighbor in SwitchDeadInterval seconds. This timer is used only
on broadcast (multi-access) links.
LLDown
This event is generated by the lower-level switch discovery
protocols and indicates that the neighbor is now unreachable.
4.3 Neighbor State Machine
This section presents a detailed description of the neighbor state
machine.
Neighbor states (see Section 4.1) change as the result of various
events (see Section 4.2). However, the effect of each event can
vary, depending on the current state of the conversation with the
neighbor. For this reason, the state machine described in this
section is organized according to the current neighbor state and the
occurring event. For each state/event pair, the new neighbor state
is listed, along with a description of the required processing.
Note that when the neighbor state changes as a result of an interface
Neighbor Change event (see Section 3.2), it may be necessary to rerun
the designated switch selection algorithm. In addition, if the
interface associated with the neighbor conversation is in the DS
state (that is, the local switch is the designated switch), changes
in the neighbor state may cause a new network link advertisement to
be originated (see Section 8.1).
When the neighbor state machine must invoke the interface state
machine, it is invoked as a scheduled task. This simplifies
processing, by ensuring that neither state machine executes
recursively.
State(s): Down
Event: Hello Received
New state: Depends on the interface type
Action:
If the interface type of the associated link is point-to-point,
change the neighbor state to ExStart. Otherwise, change the
neighbor state to Init and start the inactivity timer for the
neighbor. If the timer expires before another Hello packet is
received, the neighbor switch is declared dead.
State(s): Init or greater
Event: Hello Received
New state: No state change
Action:
If the interface type of the associated link is point-to-point,
determine whether this notification is for a different neighbor
than the one previously seen. If so, generate an Interface Down
event for the associated interface, reset the interface type to
broadcast and generate an Interface Up event.
Note: This procedure of generating an Interface Down event and
changing the interface type to broadcast is also executed if the
neighbor for whom the notification was received is running an older
version of the protocol software (see Section 6.1). In previous
versions of the protocol, all interfaces were treated as if they were
broadcast.
If the interface type is broadcast, reset the inactivity timer for
the neighbor.
State(s): Init
Event: 2-Way Received
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
Determine whether an adjacency will be formed with the neighbor
(see Section 6.4). If no adjacency is to be formed, change the
neighbor state to 2-Way.
Otherwise, change the neighbor state to ExStart. Initialize the
sequence number for this neighbor and declare the local switch to
be master for the database exchange process. (See Section 7.2.)
State(s): ExStart
Event: Negotiation Done
New state: Exchange
Action:
The Negotiation Done event signals the start of the database
exchange process. See Section 7.2 for a detailed description of
this process.
State(s): Exchange
Event: Exchange Done
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
If the neighbor Link state request list is empty, change the
neighbor state to Full. This is the adjacency's final state.
Otherwise, change the neighbor state to Loading. Begin sending
Link State Request packets to the neighbor requesting the most
recent link state advertisements, as discovered during the
database exchange process. (See Section 7.2.) These
advertisements are listed in the link state request list
associated with the neighbor.
State(s): Loading
Event: Loading Done
New state: Full
Action:
No action is required beyond changing the neighbor state to Full.
This is the adjacency's final state.
State(s): 2-Way
Event: AdjOK?
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
If no adjacency is to be formed with the neighboring switch (see
Section 6.4), retain the neighbor state at 2-Way. Otherwise,
change the neighbor state to ExStart. Initialize the sequence
number for this neighbor and declare the local switch to be master
for the database exchange process. (See Section 7.2.)
State(s): ExStart or greater
Event: AdjOK?
New state: Depends on action routine
Action:
If an adjacency should still be formed with the neighboring switch
(see Section 6.4), no state change and no further action is
necessary. Otherwise, tear down the (possibly partially formed)
adjacency. Clear the link state retransmission list, database
summary list and link state request list and change the neighbor
state to 2-Way.
State(s): Exchange or greater
Event: Seq Number Mismatch
New state: ExStart
Action:
Tear down the (possibly partially formed) adjacency. Clear the
link state retransmission list, database summary list and link
state request list. Change the neighbor state to ExStart and make
another attempt to establish the adjacency.
State(s): Exchange or greater
Event: BadLSReq
New state: ExStart
Action:
Tear down the (possibly partially formed) adjacency. Clear the
link state retransmission list, database summary list and link
state request list. Change the neighbor state to ExStart and make
another attempt to establish the adjacency.
State(s): Any state
Event: KillNbr
New state: Down
Action:
Terminate the neighbor conversation. Disable the inactivity timer
and clear the link state retransmission list, database summary
list and link state request list.
State(s): Any state
Event: LLDown
New state: Down
Action:
Terminate the neighbor conversation. Disable the inactivity timer
and clear the link state retransmission list, database summary
list and link state request list.
State(s): Any state
Event: Inactivity Timer
New state: Down
Action:
Terminate the neighbor conversation. Disable the inactivity timer
and clear the link state retransmission list, database summary
list and link state request list.
State(s): 2-Way or greater
Event: 1-Way Received
New state: Init
Action:
Tear down the adjacency between the switches, if any. Clear the
link state retransmission list, database summary list and link
state request list.
State(s): 2-Way or greater
Event: 2-Way received
New state: No state change
Action:
No action required.
State(s): Init
Event: 1-Way received
New state: No state change
Action:
No action required.
5. Area Data Structure
The area data structure contains all the information needed to run
the basic routing algorithm. One of its components is the link state
database -- the collection of all switch link and network link
advertisements generated by the switches.
The area data structure contains the following items:
Area ID
A 4-octet value identifying the area. Since VLSP does not support
multiple areas, the value here is always zero.
Associated switch interfaces
A list of interface IDs of the local switch interfaces connected
to network links.
Link state database
The collection of all current link state advertisements for the
switch fabric. This collection consists of the following:
Switch link advertisements
A list of the switch link advertisements for all switches in the
fabric. Switch link advertisements describe the state of each
switch's interfaces.
Network link advertisements
A list of the network link advertisements for all multi-access
network links in the switch fabric. Network link advertisements
describe the set of switches currently connected to each link.
Best path(s)
A set of end-to-end hop descriptions for all equal-cost best paths
from the local switch to every other switch in the fabric. Each
hop is specified by the interface ID of the next link in the path.
Best paths are derived from the collected switch link and network
link advertisements using the Dijkstra algorithm. [Perlman]
5.1 Adding and Deleting Link State Advertisements
The link state database within the area data structure must contain,
at most, a single instance of each link state advertisement. To keep
the database current, a switch adds link state advertisements to the
database under the following conditions:
o When a link state advertisement is received during the
distribution process
o When the switch itself generates a link state advertisement
(See Section 8.2.4 for information on installing link state
advertisements.)
Likewise, a switch deletes link state advertisements from the
database under the following conditions:
o When a link state advertisement has been superseded by a newer
instance during the flooding process
o When the switch generates a newer instance of one of its self-
originated advertisements
Note that when an advertisement is deleted from the link state
database, it must also be removed from the link state retransmission
list of all neighboring switches.
5.2 Accessing Link State Advertisements
An implementation of the VLS protocol must provide access to
individual link state advertisements, based on the advertisement's
type, link state identifier, and advertising switch [1]. This lookup
function is invoked during the link state distribution procedure and
during calculation of the set of best paths. In addition, a switch
can use the function to determine whether it has originated a
particular link state advertisement, and if so, with what sequence
number.
5.3 Best Path Lookup
An implementation of the VLS protocol must provide access to multiple
equal-cost best paths, based on the base MAC addresses of the source
and destination switches. This lookup function should return up to
three equal-cost paths. Paths should be returned as lists of end-
to-end hop information, with each hop specified as a interface ID of
the next link in the path -- the 6-octet base MAC address of the next
switch and the 4-octet local port number of the link interface.
6. Discovery Process
The first operational stage of the VLS protocol is the discovery
process. During this stage, each switch dynamically detects its
neighboring switches and establishes a relationship with each of
these neighbors. This process has the following component steps:
o Neighboring switches are detected on each functioning network
interface.
o Bidirectional communication is established with each neighbor
switch.
o A designated switch and backup designated switch are selected for
each multi-access network link.
o An adjacent relationship is established with selected neighbors on
each link.
6.1 Neighbor Discovery
When the switch first comes on line, VLSP assumes all network links
are point-to-point and no more than one neighboring switch will be
discovered on any one port. Therefore, at startup, VLSP relies on
the VlanHello protocol [IDhello] for the discovery of its neighbor
switches.
As each neighbor is detected, VlanHello triggers a Found Neighbor
event, notifying VLSP that a new neighbor has been discovered. (See
[IDhello] for a description of the Found Neighbor event and the
information passed.) VLSP enters the neighbor switch ID in the list
of known neighbors and creates a new neighbor data structure with a
neighbor status of Down. A Hello Received neighbor event is then
generated, which changes the neighbor state to ExStart.
There are two circumstances under which VLSP will change the type of
an interface to broadcast:
o If VLSP receives a subsequent notification from VlanHello,
specifying a second (different) neighbor switch on the port., the
interface is then known to be multi-access. VLSP generates an
Interface Down event for the interface, resets the interface type
to broadcast, and then generates an Interface Up event.
o If the functional level of the neighbor switch is less than 2, the
neighbor is running a previous version of the VLSP software in
which all links were treated as broadcast links. VLSP immediately
changes the interface type to broadcast and generates an Interface
Up event.
In both cases, VLSP assumes control of communication over the
interface by exchanging its own VLSP Hello packets with the
neighbors on the link.
Note: These Hello packets are in addition to the Interswitch
Keepalive messages sent by VlanHello. VlanHello still continues to
monitor the condition of the interface and notifies VLSP of any
change.
Each Hello packet contains the following data used during the
discovery process on multi-access links:
o The switch ID and priority of the sending switch
o Values specifying the interval timers to be used for sending Hello
packets and deciding whether to declare a neighbor switch Down.
o The switch ID of the designated switch and the backup designated
switch for the link, as understood by the sending switch
o A list of switch IDs of all neighboring switches seen so far on
the link
For a detailed description of the Hello packet format, see Section
10.6.1.
When VLSP receives a Hello packet (on a broadcast link), it first
attempts to identify the sending switch by matching its switch ID to
one of the known neighbors listed in the interface data structure.
If this is the first Hello packet received from the switch, the
switch ID is entered in the list of known neighbors and a new
neighbor data structure is created with a neighbor status of Down.
At this point, the remainder of the Hello packet is examined and the
appropriate interface and neighbor events are generated. In all
cases, a neighbor Hello Received event is generated. Other events
may also be generated, triggering further steps in the discovery
process or other actions, as appropriate.
For a detailed description of the interface state machine, see
Section 3.3. For a detailed description of the neighbor state
machine, see Section 4.3.
6.2 Bidirectional Communication
Before a conversation can proceed with a neighbor switch,
bidirectional communication must be established with that neighbor.
Bidirectional communication is detected in one of two ways:
o On a point-to-point link, the VlanHello protocol sees its own
switch ID listed in an Interswitch Keepalive message it has
received from the neighbor.
o On a multi-access link, VLSP sees its own switch ID listed in a
VLSP Hello packet it has received from the neighbor.
In either case, a neighbor 2-Way Received neighbor event is
generated.
Once bidirectional communication has been established with a
neighbor, the local switch determines whether an adjacency will be
formed with the neighbor. However, if the link is a multi-access
link, a designated switch and a backup designated switch must first
be selected for the link. The next section contains a description of
the designated switch, the backup designated switch, and the
selection process.
6.3 Designated Switch
Every multi-access network link has a designated switch. The
designated switch performs the following functions for the routing
protocol:
o The designated switch originates a network link advertisement on
behalf of the link, listing the set of switches (including the
designated switch itself) currently attached to the link. For a
detailed description of network link advertisements, see Section
11.3.
o The designated switch becomes adjacent to all other switches on
the link. Since the link state databases are synchronized across
adjacencies, the designated switch plays a central part in the
synchronization process. For a description of the synchronization
process, see Section 7.
Each multi-access network link also has a backup designated switch.
The primary function of the backup designated switch is to act as a
standby for the designated switch. If the current designated switch
fails, the backup designated switch becomes the designated switch.
To facilitate this transition, the backup designated switch forms an
adjacency with every other switch on the link. Thus, when the backup
designated switch must take over for the designated switch, its link
state database is already synchronized with the databases of all
other switches on the link.
Note: Point-to-point network links have neither a designated switch
or a backup designated switch.
6.3.1 Selecting the Designated Switch
When a multi-access link interface first becomes functional, the
switch sets a one-shot Wait timer (with a value of SwitchDeadInterval
seconds) for the interface. The purpose of this timer is to ensure
that all switches attached to the link have a chance to establish
bidirectional communication before the designated switch and backup
designated switch are selected for the link.
When the Wait timer is set, the interface enters the Waiting state.
During this state, the switch exchanges Hello packets with its
neighbors attempting to establish bidirectional communication. The
interface leaves the Waiting state under one of the following
conditions:
o The Wait timer expires.
o A Hello packet is received indicating that a designated switch or
a backup designated switch has already been specified for the
interface.
At this point, if the switch sees that a designated switch has
already been selected for the link, the switch accepts that
designated switch, regardless of its own switch priority and MAC
address. This situation typically means the switch has come up late
on a fully functioning link. Although this makes it harder to
predict the identity of the designated switch on a particular link,
it ensures that the designated switch does not change needlessly,
necessitating a resynchronization of the databases.
If no designated switch is currently specified for the link, the
switch begins the actual selection process. Note that this selection
algorithm operates only on a list of neighbor switches that are
eligible to become the designated switch. A neighbor is eligible to
be the designated switch if it has a switch priority greater than
zero and its neighbor state is 2-Way or greater. The local switch
includes itself on the list of eligible switches as long as it has a
switch priority greater than zero.
The selection process includes the following steps:
1. The current values of the link's designated switch and backup
designated switch are saved for use in step 6.
2. The new backup designated switch is selected as follows:
a) Eliminate from consideration those switches that have declared
themselves to be the designated switch.
b) If one or more of the remaining switches have declared
themselves to be the backup designated switch, eliminate from
consideration all other switches.
c) From the remaining list of eligible switches, select the switch
having the highest switch priority as the backup designated
switch. If multiple switches have the same (highest) priority,
select the switch with the highest switch ID as the backup
designated switch.
3. The new designated switch is selected as follows:
a) If one or more of the switches have declared themselves to be
the designated switch, eliminate from consideration all other
switches.
b) From the remaining list of eligible switches, select the switch
having the highest switch priority as the designated switch.
If multiple switches have the same (highest) priority, select
the switch with the highest switch ID as the designated switch.
4. If the local switch has been newly selected as either the
designated switch or the backup designated switch, or is now no
longer the designated switch or the backup designated switch,
repeat steps 2 and 3, above, and then proceed to step 5.
If the local switch is now the designated switch, it will
eliminate itself from consideration at step 2a when the selection
of the backup designated switch is repeated. Likewise, if the
local switch is now the backup designated switch, it will
eliminate itself from consideration at step 3a when the selection
of the designated switch is repeated. This ensures that no switch
will select itself as both backup designated switch and designated
switch [2].
5. Set the interface state to the appropriate value, as follows:
o If the local switch is now the designated switch, set the
interface state to DS.
o If the local switch is now the backup designated switch, set the
interface state to Backup.
o Otherwise, set the interface state to DS Other.
6. If either the designated switch or backup designated switch has
now changed, the set of adjacencies associated with this link must
be modified. Some adjacencies may need to be formed, while others
may need to be broken. Generate the neighbor AdjOK? event for all
neighbors with a state of 2-Way or higher to trigger a
reexamination of adjacency eligibility.
Caution: If VLSP is implemented with configurable parameters, care
must be exercised in specifying the switch priorities. Note that if
the local switch is not itself eligible to become the designated
switch (i.e., it has a switch priority of 0), it is possible that
neither a backup designated switch nor a designated switch will be
selected by the above procedure. Note also that if the local switch
is the only attached switch that is eligible to become the designated
switch, it will select itself as designated switch and there will be
no backup designated switch for the link. For this reason, it is
advisable to specify a default switch priority of 1 for all switches.
6.4 Adjacencies
VLSP creates adjacencies between neighboring switches for the purpose
of exchanging routing information. Not every two neighboring
switches will become adjacent. On a multi-access link, an adjacency
is only formed between two switches if one of them is either the
designated switch or the backup designated switch.
Note that an adjacency is bound to the network link that the two
switches have in common. Therefore, if two switches have multiple
links in common, they may also have multiple adjacencies between
them.
The decision to form an adjacency occurs in two places in the
neighbor state machine:
o When bidirectional communication is initially established with the
neighbor.
o When the designated switch or backup designated switch on the
attached link changes.
The rules for establishing an adjacency between two neighboring
switches are as follows:
o On a point-to-point link, the two neighboring switches always
establish an adjacency.
o On a multi-access link, an adjacency is established with the
neighboring switch under one of the following conditions:
o The local switch itself is the designated switch.
o The local switch itself is the backup designated switch.
o The neighboring switch is the designated switch.
o The neighboring switch is the backup designated switch.
If no adjacency is formed between two neighboring switches, the state
of the neighbor conversation remains set to 2-Way.
7. Synchronizing the Databases
In an SPF-based routing algorithm, it is important for the link state
databases of all switches to stay synchronized. VLSP simplifies this
process by requiring only adjacent switches to remain synchronized.
The synchronization process begins when the switches attempt to bring
up the adjacency. Each switch in the adjacency describes its
database by sending a sequence of Database Description packets to its
neighbor. Each Database Description packet describes a set of link
state advertisements belonging to the database. When the neighbor
sees a link state advertisement that is more recent than its own
database copy, it makes a note to request this newer advertisement.
During this exchange of Database Description packets (known as the
database exchange process), the two switches form a master/slave
relationship. Database Description packets sent by the master are
known as polls, and each poll contains a sequence number. Polls are
acknowledged by the slave by echoing the sequence number in the
Database Description response packet.
When all Database Description packets have been sent and
acknowledged, the database exchange process is completed. At this
point, each switch in the exchange has a list of link state
advertisements for which its neighbor has more recent instances.
These advertisements are requested using Link State Request packets.
Once the database exchange process has completed and all Link State
Requests have been satisfied, the databases are deemed synchronized
and the neighbor states of the two switches are set to Full,
indicating that the adjacency is fully functional. Fully functional
adjacencies are advertised in the link state advertisements of the
two switches [3].
7.1 Link State Advertisements
Link state advertisements form the core of the database from which a
switch calculates the set of best paths to the other switches in the
fabric.
Each link state advertisement begins with a standard header. This
header contains three data items that uniquely identify the link
state advertisement.
o The link state type. Possible values are as follows:
1 Switch link advertisement -- describes the collected states of
the switch's interfaces.
2 Network link advertisement -- describes the set of switches
attached to the network link.
o The link state ID, defined as follows:
o For a switch link advertisement -- the switch ID of the
originating switch
o For a network link advertisement -- the switch ID of the
designated switch for the link
o The switch ID of the advertising switch -- the switch that
generated the advertisement
The link state advertisement header also contains three data items
that are used to determine which instance of a particular link state
advertisement is the most current. (See Section 7.1.1 for a
description of how to determine which instance of a link state
advertisement is the most current.)
o The link state sequence number
o The link state age, stored in seconds
o The link state checksum, a 16-bit unsigned value calculated for
the entire contents of the link state advertisement, with the
exception of the age field
The remainder of each link state advertisement contains data specific
to the type of the advertisement. See Section 11 for a detailed
description of the link state header, as well as the format of a
switch link or network link advertisement.
7.1.1 Determining Which Link State Advertisement Is Newer
At various times while synchronizing or updating the link state
database, a switch must determine which instance of a particular link
state advertisement is the most current. This decision is made as
follows:
o The advertisement having the greater sequence number is the most
current.
o If both instances have the same sequence number, then:
o If the two instances have different checksum values, then the
instance having the larger checksum is considered the most
current [4].
o If both instances have the same sequence number and the same
checksum value, then:
o If one (and only one) of the instances is of age MaxAge, then
the instance of age MaxAge is considered the most current [5].
o Else, if the ages of the two instances differ by more than
MaxAgeDiff, the instance having the smaller (younger) age is
considered the most current [6].
o Else, the two instances are considered identical.
7.2 Database Exchange Process
There are two stages to the database exchange process:
o Negotiating the master/slave relationship
o Exchanging database summary information
7.2.1 Database Description Packets
Database Description packets are used to describe a switch's link
state database during the database exchange process. Each Database
Description packet contains a list of headers of the link state
advertisements currently stored in the sending switch's database.
(See Section 11.1 for a description of a link state advertisement
header.)
In addition to the link state headers, each Database Description
packet contains the following data items:
o A flag (the M-bit) indicating whether or not more packets are to
follow. Depending on the size of the local database and the
maximum size of the packet, the list of headers in any particular
Database Description packet may be only a partial list of the
total database. When the M-bit is set, the list of headers is
only a partial list and more headers are to follow in subsequent
packets.
o A flag (the I-bit) indicating whether or not this is the first
Database Description packet sent for this execution of the
database exchange process.
o A flag (the MS-bit) indicating whether the sending switch thinks
it is the master or the slave in the database exchange process.
If the flag is set, the switch thinks it is the master.
o A 4-octet sequence number for the packet.
While the switches are negotiating the master/slave relationship,
they exchange "empty" Database Description packets. That is, packets
that contain no link summary information. Instead, the flags and
sequence number constitute the information required for the
negotiation process.
See Section 10.6.2 for a more detailed description of a Database
Description packet.
7.2.2 Negotiating the Master/Slave Relationship
Before two switches can begin the actual exchange of database
information, they must decide between themselves who will be the
master in the exchange process and who will be the slave. They must
also agree on the starting sequence number for the Database
Description packets.
Once a switch has decided to form an adjacency with a neighboring
switch, it sets the neighbor state to ExStart and begins sending
empty Database Description packets to its neighbor. These packets
contain the starting sequence number the switch plans to use in the
exchange process. Also, the I-bit and M-bit flags are set, as well
as the MS-bit. Thus, each switch in the exchange begins by believing
it will be the master.
Empty Database Description packets are retransmitted every
RxmtInterval seconds until the neighbor responds.
When a switch receives an empty Database Description packet from its
neighbor, it determines which switch will be the master by comparing
the switch IDs. The switch with the highest switch ID becomes the
master of the exchange. Based on this determination, the switch
proceeds as follows:
o If the switch is to be the slave of the database exchange process,
it acknowledges that it is the slave by sending another empty
Database Description packet to the master. This packet contains
the master's sequence number and has the MS-bit and the I-bit
cleared.
o The switch then generates a neighbor event of Negotiation Done to
change its neighbor state to Exchange and waits for the first
non-empty Database Description packet from the master.
o If the switch is to be the master of the database exchange, it
waits to receive an acknowledgment from its neighbor -- that is,
an empty Database Description packet with the MS-bit and I-bit
cleared and containing the sequence number it (the master)
previously sent.
o When it receives the acknowledgment, it generates a neighbor event
of Negotiation Done to change its neighbor state to Exchange and
begin the actual exchange of Database Description packets.
Note that during the negotiation process, the receipt of an
inconsistent packet will result in a neighbor event of Seq Number
Mismatch, terminating the process. See Section 4.3 for more
information.
7.2.3 Exchanging Database Description Packets
Once the neighbor state changes to Exchange, the switches begin the
exchange of Database Description packets containing link state
summary data. The process proceeds as follows:
1. The master sends a packet containing a list of link state headers.
If the packet contains only a portion of the unexchanged database
-- that is, more Database Description packets are to follow -- the
packet has the M-bit set. The MS-bit is set and the I-bit is
clear.
If the slave does not acknowledge the packet within RxmtInterval
seconds, the master retransmits the packet.
2. When the slave receives a packet, it first checks the sequence
number to see if the packet is a duplicate. If so, it simply
acknowledges the packet by clearing the MS-bit and returning the
packet to the master. (Note that the slave acknowledges all
Database Description packets that it receives, even those that are
duplicates.)
Otherwise, the slave processes the packet by doing the following:
o For each link state header listed in the packet, the slave
searches its own link state database to determine whether it
has an instance of the advertisement.
o If the slave does not have an instance of the link state
advertisement, or if the instance it does have is older than
the instance listed in the packet, it creates an entry in its
link state request list in the neighbor data structure. See
Section 7.1.1 for a description of how to determine which
instance of a link state advertisement is the newest.
o When the slave has examined all headers, it acknowledges the
packet by turning the MS-bit off and returning the packet to
the master.
3. When the master receives the first acknowledgment for a particular
Database Description packet, it processes the acknowledgment as
follows:
o For each link state header listed in the packet, the master
checks to see if the slave has indicated it has an instance of
the link state advertisement that is newer than the instance
the master has in its own database. If so, the master creates
an entry in its link state request list in the neighbor data
structure.
o The master then increments the sequence number and sends
another packet containing the next set of link state summary
information, if any.
Subsequent acknowledgments for the Database Description packet
(those with the same sequence number) are discarded.
When the master sends the last portion of its database summary
information, it clears the M-bit in the packet to indicate that no
more packets are to be sent.
4. When the slave receives a Database Description packet with the M-
bit clear, it processes the packet, as described above in step 2.
After it has completed processing and has acknowledged the packet
to the master, it generates an Exchange Done neighbor event and
its neighbor state changes to Loading.
The database exchange process is now complete for the slave, and
it begins the process of requesting those link state
advertisements for which the master has more current instances
(see Section 7.3).
5. When the master receives an acknowledgment for the final Database
Description packet, it processes the acknowledgment as described
above in step 3. Then it generates an Exchange Done neighbor
event and its neighbor state changes to Loading.
The database exchange process is now complete for the master, and
it begins the process of requesting those link state
advertisements for which the slave has more current instances (see
Section 7.3).
Note that during this exchange, the receipt of an inconsistent packet
will result in a neighbor event of Seq Number Mismatch, terminating
the process. See Section 4.3 for more information.
7.3 Updating the Database
When either switch completes the database exchange process and its
neighbor state changes to Loading, it has a list of link state
advertisements for which the neighboring switch has a more recent
instance. This list is stored in the neighbor data structure as the
link state request list.
To complete the synchronization of its database with that of its
neighbor, the switch must obtain the most current instances of those
link state advertisements.
The switch requests these advertisements by sending its neighbor a
Link State Request packet containing the description of one or more
link state advertisement, as defined by the advertisement's type,
link state ID, and advertising switch. (For a detailed description
of the Link State Request packet, see Section 10.6.3.) The switch
continues to retransmit this packet every RxmtInterval seconds until
it receives a reply from the neighbor.
When the neighbor switch receives the Link State Request packet, it
responds with a Link State Update packet containing its most current
instance of each of the requested advertisements. (Note that the
neighboring switch can be in any of the Exchange, Loading or Full
neighbor states when it responds to a Link State Request packet.)
If the neighbor cannot locate a particular link state advertisement
in its database, something has gone wrong with the synchronization
process. The switch generates a BadLSReq neighbor event and the
partially formed adjacency is torn down. See Section 4.3 for more
information.
Depending on the size of the link state request list, it may take
more than one Link State Request packet to obtain all the necessary
advertisements. Note, however, that there must at most one Link
State Request packet outstanding at any one time.
7.4 An Example
Figure 3 shows an example of an adjacency being formed between two
switches -- S1 and S2 -- connected to a network link. S2 is the
designated switch for the link and has a higher switch ID than S1.
The neighbor state changes that each switch goes through are listed
on the sides of the figure.
+--------+ +--------+
Switch Switch
S1 S2
+--------+ +--------+
Down Down
Hello (DS=0, seen=0)
------------------------------------->
Init
Hello (DS=S2, seen=...,S1)
<-------------------------------------
ExStart
DB Description (Seq=x, I, M, Master)
------------------------------------->
ExStart
DB Description (Seq=y, I, M, Master)
<-------------------------------------
xchange
DB Description (Seq=y, M, Slave)
------------------------------------->
Exchange
DB Description (Seq=y+1, M, Master)
<-------------------------------------
DB Description (Seq=y+1, M, Slave)
------------------------------------->
.
.
.
DB Description (Seq=y+n, Master)
<-------------------------------------
DB Description (Seq=y+n, Slave)
------------------------------------->
Loading Full
Link State Request
<-------------------------------------
Link State Update
------------------------------------->
.
.
.
Link State Request
<-------------------------------------
Link State Update
------------------------------------->
Full
Figure 3: An Example of Bringing Up an Adjacency
At the top of Figure 3, S1's interface to the link becomes
operational, and S1 begins sending Hello packets over the interface.
At this point, S1 does not yet know the identity of the designated
switch or of any other neighboring switches. S2 receives the Hello
packet from S1 and changes its neighbor state to Init. In its next
Hello packet, S2 indicates that it is itself the designated switch
and that it has received a Hello packet from S1. S1 receives the
Hello packet and changes its state to ExStart, starting the process
of bringing up the adjacency.
S1 begins by asserting itself as the master. When it sees that S2 is
indeed the master (because of S2's higher switch ID), S1 changes to
slave and adopts S2's sequence number. Database Description packets
are then exchanged, with polls coming from the master (S2) and
acknowledgments from the slave (S1). This sequence of Database
Description packets ends when both the poll and associated
acknowledgment have the M-bit off.
In this example, it is assumed that S2 has a completely up-to-date
database and immediately changes to the Full state. S1 will change to
the Full state after updating its database by sending Link State
Request packets and receiving Link State Update packets in response.
Note that in this example, S1 has waited until all Database
Description packets have been received from S2 before sending any
Link State Request packets. However, this need not be the case. S1
could interleave the sending of Link State Request packets with the
reception of Database Description packets.
8. Maintaining the Databases
Each switch advertises its state (also known as its link state) by
originating switch link advertisements. In addition, the designated
switch on each network link advertises the state of the link by
originating network link advertisements.
As described in Section 7.1, link state advertisements are uniquely
identified by their type, link state ID, and advertising switch.
Link state advertisements are distributed throughout the switch
fabric using a reliable flooding algorithm that ensures that all
switches in the fabric are notified of any link state changes.
8.1 Originating Link State Advertisements
A new instance of each link state advertisement is originated any
time the state of the switch or link changes. When a new instance of
a link state advertisement is originated, its sequence number is
incremented, its age is set to zero, and its checksum is calculated.
The advertisement is then installed into the local link state
database and forwarded out all fully operational interfaces (that is,
those interfaces with a state greater than Waiting) for distribution
throughout the switch fabric. See Section 8.2.4 for a description of
the installation of the advertisement into the link state database
and Section 8.2.5 for a description of how advertisements are
forwarded.
A switch originates a new instance of a link state advertisement as a
result of the following events:
o The state of one of the switch's interfaces changes such that the
contents of the associated switch link advertisement changes.
o The designated switch on any of the switch's attached network
links changes. The switch originates a new switch link
advertisement. Also, if the switch itself is now the designated
switch, it originates a new network link advertisement for the
link.
o One of the switch's neighbor states changes to or from Full. If
this changes the contents of the associated switch link
advertisement, a new instance is generated. Also, if the switch
is the designated switch for the attached network link, it
originates a new network link advertisement for the link.
Two instances of the same link state advertisement must not be
originated within the time period MinLSInterval. Note that this may
require that the generation of the second instance to be delayed up
to MinLSInterval seconds.
8.1.1 Switch Link Advertisements
A switch link advertisement describes the collected states of all
functioning links attached to the originating switch -- that is, all
attached links with an interface state greater than Down. A switch
originates an empty switch link advertisement when it first becomes
functional. It then generates a new instance of the advertisement
each time one of its interfaces reaches a fully functioning state
(Point-to-Point or better).
Each link in the advertisement is assigned a type, based on the state
of interface, as shown in Table 4.
Interface state Link type Description
Point-to-Point 1 Point-to-point link
DS Other* 2 Multi-access link
Backup* 2 Multi-access link
DS** 2 Multi-access link
*If a full adjacency has been formed with the designated
switch.
**If a full adjacency has been formed with at least one
other switch on the link.
Table 4: Link Types in a Switch Link Advertisement
Each link in the advertisement is also assigned a link identifier
based on its link type. In general, this value identifies another
switch that also originates advertisements for the link, thereby
providing a key for accessing other link state advertisements for the
link. The relationship between link type and ID is shown in Table 5.
Type Description Link ID
1 Point-to-point link Switch ID of neighbor switch
2 Multi-access link Switch ID of designated switch
Table 5: Link IDs in a Switch Link Advertisement
In addition to a type and an identifier, the description of each link
specifies the interface ID of the associated network link.
Finally, each link description includes the cost of sending a packet
over the link. This output cost is expressed in the link state
metric and must be greater than zero.
To illustrate the format of a switch link advertisement, consider the
switch fabric shown in Figure 4.
In this example, switch SW1 has 5 neighboring switches (shown as
boxes) distributed over 3 network links (shown as lines). The base
MAC address of each switch is also shown adjacent to each box. On
switch SW1, ports 01 and 02 attach to point-to-point network links,
while port 03 attaches to a multi-access network link with three
attached switches. The interface state of each port is shown next to
the line representing the corresponding link.
00-00-1d-22-23-c5
+-------+
SW2
+-------+
Point-to-Point
01
+-------+ Loopback +-------+
SW3 ---------------- SW1 00-00-1d-1f-05-81
+-------+ 02 +-------+
00-00-1d-17-35-a4 03
DS Other
+--------------------+--------------------+
DS Other Backup DS
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
SW4 SW5 SW6
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
00-00-1d-4a-26-b3 00-00-1d-4a-27-1c 00-00-1d-7e-84-2e
Figure 4: Sample Switch Fabric
The switch link advertisement generated by switch SW1 would contain
the following data items:
; switch link advertisement for switch SW1
LS age = 0 ; always true on origination
Options = (T-bitE-bit) ; options
LS type = 1 ; this is a switch link advert
; SW1's switch ID
Link State ID = 00-00-1d-1f-05-81-00-00-00-00
Advertising switch = 00-00-1d-1f-05-81-00-00-00-00
# links = 2
; link on interface port 1
Link ID = 00-00-1d-22-23-c5-00-00-00-00 ; switch ID
Link Data = 00-00-1d-1f-05-81-00-00-00-01 ; interface ID
Type = 1 ; pt-to-pt link
# other metrics = 0 ; TOS 0 only
TOS 0 metric = 1
; link on interface port 2 is not fully functional
; link on interface port 3
Link ID = 00-00-1d-7e-84-2e-00-00-00-00 ; switch ID of DS
Link Data = 00-00-1d-1f-05-81-00-00-00-03 ; interface ID
Type = 2 ; multi-access
# other metrics = 0 ; TOS 0 only
TOS 0 metric = 2
(See Section 11.2 for a detailed description of the format of a
switch link advertisement.)
8.1.2 Network Link Advertisements
Network link advertisements are used to describe the switches
attached to each multi-access network link.
Note: Network link advertisements are not generated for point-to-
point links.
A network link advertisement is originated by the designated switch
for the associated multi-access link once the switch has established
a full adjacency with at least one other switch on the link. Each
advertisement lists the switch IDs of those switches that are fully
adjacent to the designated switch. The designated switch includes
itself in this list.
To illustrate the format of a network link advertisement, consider
again the switch fabric shown in Figure 4. In this example, network
link advertisements will be generated only by switch SW6, the
designated switch of the multi-access network link between switches
SW1 and switches SW4, SW5, and SW6.
The network link advertisement generated by switch SW6 would contain
the following data items:
; network link advertisement for switch SW6
LS age = 0 ; always true on origination
Options = (T-bitE-bit) ; options
LS type = 2 ; this is a network link advert
; SW6's switch ID
Link State ID = 00-00-1d-73-84-2e-00-00-00-00
Advertising switch = 00-00-1d-73-84-2e-00-00-00-00
Attached switch = 00-00-1d-7e-84-2e-00-00-00-00
Attached switch = 00-00-1d-4a-26-b3-00-00-00-00
Attached switch = 00-00-1d-1f-05-81-00-00-00-00
Attached switch = 00-00-1d-4a-27-1c-00-00-00-00
(See Section 11.3 for a detailed description of the format of a
network link advertisement.)
8.2 Distributing Link State Advertisements
Link state advertisements are distributed throughout the switch
fabric encapsulated within Link State Update packets. A single Link
State Update packet may contain several distinct advertisements.
To make the distribution process reliable, each advertisement must be
explicitly acknowledged in a Link State Acknowledgment packet. Note,
however, that multiple acknowledgments can be grouped together into a
single Link State Acknowledgment packet. A sending switch retransmits
unacknowledged Link State Update packets at regular intervals until
they are acknowledged.
The remainder of this section is structured as follows:
o Section 8.2.1 presents an overview of the distribution process.
o Section 8.2.2 describes how an incoming Link State Update packet
is processed.
o Section 8.2.3 describes how a Link State Packet is forwarded --
both by the originating switch and an intermediate receiving
switch.
o Section 8.2.4 describes how advertisements are installed into the
local database.
o Section 8.2.5 describes the retransmission of unacknowledged
advertisements.
o Section 8.2.6 describes how advertisements are acknowledged.
8.2.1 Overview
The philosophy behind the distribution of link state advertisements
is based on the concept of adjacencies -- that is, each switch is
only required to remain synchronized with its adjacent neighbors.
When a switch originates a new instance of a link state
advertisement, it formats the advertisement into a Link State Update
packet and floods the packet out each fully operational interface --
that is, each interface with a state greater than Waiting. However,
only those neighbors that are adjacent to the sending switch need to
process the packet.
The sending switch indicates which of its neighbor switches should
process the advertisement by specifying a particular multicast
destination in the network layer address information (see Section
10.3). The sending switch sets the value of the network layer
destination switch ID field according to the state of the interface
over which the packet is sent:
o If the interface state is Point-to-Point, DS, or Backup, the
switch is adjacent to all other switches on the link and all
neighboring switches must process the packet. Therefore, the
destination field is set to the multicast switch ID
AllSPFSwitches.
o If the interface state is DS Other, the switch is only adjacent to
the designated switch and the backup designated switch and only
those two neighboring switches must process the packet.
Therefore, the destination field is set to the multicast switch ID
AllDSwitches.
A similar logic is used when a switch receives a Link State Update
packet containing a new instance of a link state advertisement.
After processing and acknowledging the packet, the receiving switch
forwards the Link State Update packet as
o On the interface over which the original Link State Update packet
was received:
o If the receiving switch is the designated switch for the
attached network link, the packet is forwarded to all other
switches on the link. (The destination field is set to
AllSPFSwitches.) The originating switch will recognize that it
was the advertisement originator and discard the packet.
o If the receiving switch is not the designated switch for the
attached network link, the packet is not sent back out the
interface over which it was received.
o On all other interfaces:
o If the receiving switch is the designated switch for the
attached network link, the packet is forwarded to all switches
on the link. (The destination field is set to AllSPFSwitches.)
o If the receiving switch is neither the designated switch or the
backup designated switch for the attached network link, the
packet is forwarded only to the designated switch and the
backup designated switch. (The destination field is set to
AllDSwitches.)
Each Link State Update packet is forwarded and processed in this
fashion until all switches in the fabric have received notification
of the new instance of the link state advertisement.
8.2.2 Processing an Incoming Link State Update Packet
When the a Link State Update packet is received, it is first
subjected to a number of consistency checks. In particular, the Link
State Update packet is associated with a specific neighbor. If the
state of that neighbor is less than Exchange, the entire Link State
Update packet is discarded.
Each link state advertisement contained in the packet is processed as
follows:
1. Validate the advertisement's link state checksum and type. If the
checksum is invalid or the type is unknown, discard the
advertisement without acknowledging it.
2. If the advertisement's age is equal to MaxAge and there is
currently no instance of the advertisement in the local link state
database, then do the following:
a) Acknowledge the advertisement by sending a Link State
Acknowledgment packet to the sending neighbor (see Section
8.2.6).
b) Purge all outstanding requests for equal or previous instances
of the advertisement from the sending neighbor's Link State
Request list.
c) If the neighbor is Exchange or Loading, install the
advertisement in the link state database (see Section 8.2.4).
Otherwise, discard the advertisement.
3. If the advertisement's age is equal to MaxAge and there is an
instance of the advertisement in the local link state database,
then do the following:
a) If the advertisement is listed in the link state retransmission
list of any neighbor, remove the advertisement from the
retransmission list(s) and delete the database copy of the
advertisement.
b) Discard the received (MaxAge) advertisement without
acknowledging it.
4. If the advertisement's age is less than MaxAge, attempt to locate
an instance of the advertisement in the local link state database.
If there is no database copy of this advertisement, or the
received advertisement is more recent than the database copy (see
Section 7.1.1), do the following:
a) If there is already a database copy, and if the database copy
was installed less than MinLSInterval seconds ago, discard the
new advertisement without acknowledging it.
b) Otherwise, forward the new advertisement out some subset of the
local interfaces (see Section 8.2.3). Note whether the
advertisement was sent back out the receiving interface for
later use by the acknowledgment process.
c) Remove the current database copy from the Link state
retransmission lists of all neighbors.
d) Install the new advertisement in the link state database,
replacing the current database copy. (Note that this may cause
the calculation of the set of best paths to be scheduled. See
Section 9.) Timestamp the new advertisement with the time that
it was received to prevent installation of another instance
within MinLSInterval seconds.
e) Acknowledge the advertisement, if necessary, by sending a Link
State Acknowledgment packet back out the receiving interface.
(See Section 8.2.6.)
f) If the link state advertisement was initially advertised by the
local switch itself, advance the advertisement sequence number
and issue a new instance of the advertisement. (Receipt of a
newer instance of an advertisement means that the local copy of
the advertisement is left over from before the last time the
switch was restarted.)
5. If the received advertisement is the same instance as the database
copy (as determined by the algorithm described in Section 7.1.1),
do the following:
a) If the advertisement is listed in the neighbor's link state
retransmission list, the local switch is expecting an
acknowledgment for this advertisement. Treat the received
advertisement as an implied acknowledgment, and remove the
advertisement from the link state retransmission list. Note
this implied acknowledgment for later use by the acknowledgment
process (Section 8.2.6).
b) Acknowledge the advertisement, if necessary, by sending a Link
State Acknowledgment packet back out the receiving interface.
(See Section 8.2.6.)
If the database copy of the advertisement is more recent than the
instance just received, do the following:
a) Determine whether the instance is listed in the neighbor link
state request list. If so, an error has occurred in the
database exchange process. Restart the database exchange
process by generating a neighbor BadLSReq event for the sending
neighbor and terminate processing of the Link State Update
packet.
b) Otherwise, generate an unusual event to network management and
discard the advertisement.
8.2.3 Forwarding Link State Advertisements
When a new instance of an advertisement is originated or after an
incoming advertisement has been processed, the switch must decide
over which interfaces and to which neighbors the advertisement will
be forwarded. In some instances, the switch may decide not to
forward the advertisement over a particular interface because it is
able to determine that the neighbors on that attached link have or
will receive the advertisement from another switch on the link.
The decision of whether to forward an advertisement over each of the
switch's interfaces is made as follows:
1. Each neighboring switch attached to the interface is examined to
determine whether it should receive and process the new
advertisement. For each neighbor, the following steps are
executed:
a) If the neighbor state is less than Exchange, the neighbor need
not receive or process the new advertisement.
b) If the neighbor state is Exchange or Loading, examine the link
state request list associated with the neighbor. If an
instance of the new advertisement is on the list, the
neighboring switch already has an instance of the
advertisement. Compare the new advertisement to the neighbor's
copy:
o If the new advertisement is less recent, the neighbor need
not receive or process the new advertisement.
o If the two copies are the same instance, delete the
advertisement from the link state request list. The
neighbor need not receive or process the new advertisement
[7].
o Otherwise, the new advertisement is more recent. Delete the
advertisement from the link state request list. The
neighbor may need to receive and process the new
advertisement.
c) If the new advertisement was received from this neighbor, the
neighbor need not receive or process the advertisement.
d) Add the new advertisement to the link state retransmission list
for the neighbor.
2. The switch must now decide whether to forward the new
advertisement out the interface.
a) If the link state advertisement was not added to any of the
link state retransmission lists for neighbors attached to the
interface, there is no need to forward the advertisement out
the interface.
b) If the new advertisement was received on this interface, and it
was received from either the designated switch or the backup
designated switch, there is no need to forward the
advertisement out the interface. Chances are all neighbors on
the attached network link have also received the advertisement
already.
c) If the new advertisement was received on this interface and the
state of the interface is Point-to-Point, there is no need to
forward the advertisement since the received advertisement was
originated by the neighbor switch.
d) If the new advertisement was received on this interface, and
the interface state is Backup -- that is, the switch itself is
the backup designated switch -- there is no need to forward the
advertisement out the interface. The designated switch will
distribute advertisements on the attached network link.
e) Otherwise, the advertisement must be forwarded out the
interface.
To forward a link state advertisement, the switch first increments
the advertisement's age by InfTransDelay seconds to account for
the transmission time over the link. The switch then copies the
advertisement into a Link State Update packet
Forwarded advertisements are sent to all adjacent switches
associated with the interface. If the interface state is Point-
to-Point, DS, or Backup, the destination switch ID field of the
network layer address information is set to the multicast switch
ID AllSPFSwitches. If the interface state is DS Other, the
destination switch ID field is set to the multicast switch ID
AllDSwitches.
8.2.4 Installing Link State Advertisements in the Database
When a new link state advertisement is installed into the link state
database, as the result of either originating or receiving a new
instance of an advertisement, the switch must determine whether the
best paths need to be recalculated. To make this determination, do
the following:
1. Compare the contents of the new instance with the contents of the
old instance (assuming the older instance is available). Note that
this comparison does not include any data from the link state
header. Differences in fields within the header (such as the
sequence number and checksum, which are guaranteed to be different
in different instances of an advertisement) are of no consequence
when deciding whether or not to recalculate the set of best paths.
2. If there are no differences in the contents of the two
advertisement instances, there is no need to recalculate the set
of best paths.
3. Otherwise, the set of best paths must be recalculated.
Note also that the older instance of the advertisement must be
removed from the link state database when the new advertisement is
installed. The older instance must also be removed from the link
state retransmission lists of all neighbors.
8.2.5 Retransmitting Link State Advertisements
When a switch sends a link state advertisement to an adjacent
neighbor, it records the advertisement in the neighbor's link state
retransmission list. To ensure the reliability of the distribution
process, the switch continues to periodically retransmit the
advertisements specified in the list until they are acknowledged.
The interval timer used to trigger retransmission of the
advertisements is set to RxmtInterval seconds, as found in the
interface data structure. Note that if this value is too low,
needless retransmissions will ensue. If the value is too high, the
speed with which the databases synchronize across adjacencies may be
affected if there are lost packets.
When the interval timer expires, entries in the retransmission list
are formatted into one or more Link State Update packets. (Remember
that multiple advertisements can fit into a single Link State Update
packet.) The age field of each advertisement is incremented by
InfTransDelay, as found in the interface data structure, before the
advertisement is copied into the outgoing packet.
Link State Update packets containing retransmitted advertisements are
always sent directly to the adjacent switch. That is, the destination
field of the network layer addressing information is set to the
switch ID of the neighboring switch.
If the adjacent switch goes down, retransmissions will continue until
the switch failure is detected and the adjacency is torn down by the
VLSP discovery process. When the adjacency is torn down, the link
state retransmission list is cleared.
8.2.6 Acknowledging Link State Advertisements
Each link state advertisement received by a switch must be
acknowledged. In most cases, this is done by sending a Link State
Acknowledgment packet. However, acknowledgments can also be done
implicitly by sending Link State Update packets (see step 4a of
Section 8.2.2).
Multiple acknowledgments can be grouped together into a single Link
State Acknowledgment packet.
Sending an acknowledgment
Link State Acknowledgment packets are sent back out the interface
over which the advertisement was received. The packet can be sent
immediately to the sending neighbor, or it can be delayed and sent
when an interval timer expires.
o Sending delayed acknowledgments facilitates the formatting of
multiple acknowledgments into a single packet. This enables a
single packet to send acknowledgments to several neighbors at
once by using a multicast switch ID in the destination field of
the network layer addressing information (see below). Delaying
acknowledgments also randomizes the acknowledgment packets sent
by the multiple switches attached to a multi-access network
link.
Note that the interval used to time delayed acknowledgments
must be short (less than RxmtInterval) or needless
retransmissions will ensue.
Delayed acknowledgments are sent to all adjacent switches
associated with the interface. If the interface state is
Point-to-Point, DS, or Backup, the destination field of the
network layer addressing information is set to the multicast
switch ID AllSPFSwitches. If the interface state is DS Other,
the destination field is set to the multicast switch ID
AllDSwitches.
o Immediate acknowledgments are sent directly to a specific
neighbor in response to the receipt of duplicate link state
advertisements. These acknowledgments are sent immediately
when the duplicate is received.
The method used to send a Link State Acknowledgment packet --
either delayed or immediate -- depends on the circumstances
surrounding the receipt of the advertisement, as shown in Table 6.
Note that switches with an interface state of Backup send
acknowledgments differently than other switches because they play
a slightly different role in the distribution process (see Section
8.2.3).
Action taken in state
Circumstances Backup Other states
Advertisement was No ack sent No ack sent
forwarded back out
receiving interface
Advertisement is Delayed ack sent Delayed ack
more recent than if advertisement sent
database copy, but received from DS,
was not forwarded else do nothing
back out receiving
interface
Advertisement was a Delayed ack sent No ack sent
duplicate treated if advertisement
as an implied acknow- received from DS,
ledgment (step 4a of else do nothing
Section 8.2.2)
Advertisement was a Immediate ack Immediate ack
duplicate not treated sent sent
as an implied acknow-
ledgment
Advertisement age Immediate ack Immediate ack
equal to MaxAge and sent sent
no current instance
found in database
Table 6: Sending Link State Acknowledgments
Receiving an acknowledgment
When the a Link State Acknowledgment packet is received, it is
first subjected to a number of consistency checks. In particular,
the packet is associated with a specific neighbor. If the state of
that neighbor is less than Exchange, the entire Link State
Acknowledgment packet is discarded.
Each acknowledgment contained in the packet is processed as
follows:
o If the advertisement being acknowledged has an instance in the
link state retransmission list for the sending neighbor, do the
following:
o If the acknowledgment is for the same instance as that
specified in the list (as determined by the procedure
described in Section 7.1.1), remove the instance from the
retransmission list.
o Otherwise, log the acknowledgment as questionable.
8.3 Aging the Link State Database
Each link state advertisement has an age field, containing the
advertisement's age, expressed in seconds. When the advertisement is
copied into a Link State Update packet for forwarding out a
particular interface, the age is incremented by InfTransDelay seconds
to account for the transmission time over the link. An
advertisement's age is never incremented past the value MaxAge.
Advertisements with an age of MaxAge are not used to calculate best
paths.
If a link state advertisement's age reaches MaxAge, the switch
flushes the advertisement from the switch fabric by doing the
following:
o Originate a new instance of the advertisement with the age field
set to MaxAge. The distribution process will eventually result in
the advertisement being removed from the retransmission lists of
all switches in the fabric.
o Once the advertisement is no longer contained in the link state
retransmission list of any neighbor and no neighbor is in a state
of Exchange or Loading, remove the advertisement from the local
link state database.
8.3.1 Premature Aging of Advertisements
A link state advertisement can be prematurely flushed from the switch
fabric by forcing its age to MaxAge and redistributing the
advertisement.
A switch that was previously the designated switch for a multi-access
network link but has lost that status due to a failover to the backup
designated switch prematurely ages the network link advertisements it
originated for the link.
Premature aging also occurs when an advertisement's sequence number
must wrap -- that is, when the current advertisement instance has a
sequence number of 0x7fffffff. In this circumstance, the
advertisement is prematurely aged so that the next instance of the
advertisement can be originated with a sequence number of 0x80000001
and be recognized as the most recent instance.
A switch may only prematurely age those link state advertisements for
which it is the advertising switch.
9. Calculating the Best Paths
Once an adjacency has been formed and the two switches have
synchronized their databases, each switch in the adjacency calculates
the best path(s) to all other switches in the fabric, using itself as
the root of each path. In this context, "best" path means that path
with the lowest total cost metric across all hops. If there are
multiple paths with the same (lowest) total cost metric, they are all
calculated. Best paths are stored in the area data structure.
Paths are calculated using the well-known Dijkstra algorithm. For a
detailed description of this algorithm, the reader is referred to
[Perlman], or any of a number of standard textbooks dealing with
network routing.
Note that whenever there is a change in an adjacency relationship, or
any change that alters the topology of the switch fabric, the set of
best paths must be recalculated.
10. Protocol Packets
This section describes VLS protocol packets and link state
advertisements.
There are five distinct VLSP packet types, as listed in Table 7.
Type Packet Name Function Description
1 Hello Select DS/Backup DS Section 10.6.1
2 Database Summarize database
Description contents Section 10.6.2
3 LS Request Database download Section 10.6.3
4 LS Update Database update Section 10.6.4
5 LS Ack Flooding acknow-
ledgment Section 10.6.5
Table 7: VLSP Packet Types
All VLSP packets are encapsulated within a standard ISMP packet, with
the VLS packet carried in the ISMP message body. The ISMP packet is
described in Section 10.1.
Since it is important that the link state databases remain
synchronized throughout the switch fabric, processing of both
incoming and outgoing routing protocol packets should take priority
over ordinary data packets. Section 10.2 describes packet
processing.
All VLSP packets begin with network layer addressing information,
described in Section 10.3, followed by a standard header, described
in Section 10.4.
With the exception of Hello packets, all VLSP packets deal with lists
of link state advertisements. The format of a link state
advertisement is described in Section 11.
10.1 ISMP Packet Format
All VLSP packets are encapsulated within a standard ISMP packet. ISMP
packets are of variable length and have the following general
structure:
o Frame header
o ISMP packet header
o ISMP message body
10.1.1 Frame Header
ISMP packets are encapsulated within an IEEE 802-compliant frame
using a standard header as shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
+ Destination address +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
04
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Source address +
08
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 Type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
16
+ +
: :
Destination address
This 6-octet field contains the Media Access Control (MAC) address
of the multicast channel over which all switches in the fabric
receive ISMP packets. The destination address of all ISMP packets
contain a value of 01-00-1D-00-00-00.
Source address
This 6-octet field contains the physical (MAC) address of the
switch originating the ISMP packet.
Type
This 2-octet field identifies the type of data carried within the
frame. The type field of ISMP packets contains the value 0x81FD.
10.1.2 ISMP Packet Header
The ISMP packet header consists of 6 octets, as shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
://////// Frame header /////////////////////////////////////////:
+//////// (14 octets) /////////+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 /////////////////////////////// Version
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 ISMP message type Sequence number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
20
+ +
: :
Frame header
This 14-octet field contains the frame header.
Version
This 2-octet field contains the version number of the InterSwitch
Message Protocol to which this ISMP packet adheres. This document
describes ISMP Version 2.0. ISMP message type
This 2-octet field contains a value indicating which type of ISMP
message is contained within the message body. Valid values are as
follows:
1 (reserved)
2 Interswitch Keepalive messages
3 Interswitch Link State messages
4 Interswitch Spanning Tree BPDU messages and
Interswitch Remote Blocking messages
5 Interswitch Resolve and New User messages
6 (reserved)
7 Tag-Based Flood messages
8 Interswitch Tap messages
All VLS protocol messages have an ISMP message type of 3.
Sequence number
This 2-octet field contains an internally generated sequence
number used by the various protocol handlers for internal
synchronization of messages.
10.1.3 ISMP Message Body
The ISMP message body is a variable-length field containing the
actual data of the ISMP message. The length and content of this
field are determined by the value found in the message type field.
VLSP packets are contained in the ISMP message body.
10.2 VLSP Packet Processing
Note that with the exception of Hello packets, VLSP packets are sent
only between adjacent neighbors. Therefore, all packets travel a
single hop.
VLSP does not support fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
Therefore, packets containing lists of link state advertisements or
advertisement headers must be formatted such that they contain only
as many advertisements or headers as will fit within the size
constraints of a standard ethernet frame.
When a protocol packet is received by a switch, it must first pass
the following criteria before being accepted for further processing:
o The checksum number must be correct.
o The destination switch ID (as found in the network layer address
information) must be the switch ID of the receiving switch, or one
of the multicast switch IDs AllSPFSwitches or AllDSwitches.
If the destination switch ID is the multicast switch ID
AllDSwitches, the state of the receiving interface must be Point-
to-Point, DS, or Backup.
o The source switch ID (as found in the network layer address
information) must not be that of the receiving switch. (That is,
locally originated packets should be discarded.)
At this point, if the packet is a Hello packet, it is accepted for
further processing.
Since all other packet types are only sent between adjacent
neighbors, the packet must have been sent by one of the switch's
active neighbors. If the source switch ID matches the switch ID of
one of the receiving switch's active neighbors (as stored in the
interface data structure associated with the inport interface), the
packet is accepted for further processing. Otherwise, the packet is
discarded.
10.3 Network Layer Address Information
As mentioned in Section 2.2.1, portions of the VLS protocol (as
derived from OSPF) are dependent on certain network layer addresses
-- in particular, the AllSPFSwitches and AllDSwitches multicast
addresses that drive the distribution of link state advertisements
throughout the switch fabric. In order to facilitate the
implementation of the protocol at the physical MAC layer, network
layer address information is encapsulated in the VSLP packets. This
information immediately follows the ISMP frame and packet header and
immediately precedes the VLSP packet header, as shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
: frame header / ISMP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Unused (20 octets) :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
20
+ Source switch ID +
24
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
28
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
32
+ Destination switch ID +
36
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
40
: VLSP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Source switch ID
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of the sending switch.
Destination switch ID
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of the packet
destination. The value here is set as follows:
o Hello packets are addressed to the multicast switch ID
AllSPFSwitches.
o The designated switch and the backup designated switch address
initial Link State Update packets and Link State Acknowledgment
packets to the multicast switch ID AllSPFSwitches.
o All other switches address initial Link State Update packets
and Link State Acknowledgment packets to the multicast switch
ID AllDSwitches.
o Retransmissions of Link State Update packets are always
addressed directly to the nonresponding switch.
o Database Description packets and Link State Request are always
addressed directly to the other switch participating in the
database exchange process.
VLSP header
This 30-octet field contains the VLSP standard header. See
Section 10.4.
10.4 VLSP Packet Header
Every VLSP packet starts with a common 30-octet header. This header,
along with the data found in the network layer address information,
contains all the data necessary to determine whether the packet
should be accepted for further processing. (See Section 10.1.)
The format of the VLSP header is shown below. Note that the header
starts at offset 36 of the ISMP message body, following the network
layer address information.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
: frame header / ISMP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Network layer address information :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
40 (unused) Type Packet length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
44
+ Source switch ID +
48
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
52 Area ID . . .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
56 Area ID . . . Checksum
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
60 Autype
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Authentication +
64
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
68
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
This 1-octet field contains the packet type. Possible values are
as follows:
1 Hello
2 Database Description
3 Link State Request
4 Link State Update
5 Link State Acknowledgment
Packet length
This 2-octet field contains the length of the protocol packet, in
bytes, calculated from the start of the VLSP header, at offset 20
of the ISMP message body. If the packet length is not an integral
number of 16-bit Words, the packet is padded with an octet of zero
(see the description of the checksum field, below).
Switch ID
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of the sending switch.
Area ID
This 4-octet field contains the area identifier. Since VLSP does
not support multiple areas, the value here is always zero.
Checksum
This 2-octet field contains the packet checksum value. The
checksum is calculated as the 16-bit one's complement of the one's
complement sum of all the 16-bit words in the packet, beginning
with the VLSP header, excluding the authentication field. If the
packet length is not an integral number of 16-bit words, the
packet is padded with an octet of zero before calculating the
checksum.
AuType
This 2-octet field identifies the authentication scheme to be used
for the packet. Since authentication is not supported by this
version of VLSP, this field contains zero.
Authentication
This 8-octet field is reserved for use by the authentication
scheme. Since authentication is not supported by this version of
VLSP, this field contains zeroes.
10.5 Options Field
Hello packets and Database Description packets, as well as link state
advertisements, contain a 1-octet options field. Using this field, a
switch can communicate its optional capabilities to other VLSP
switches. The receiving switch can then choose whether or not to
support those optional capabilities. Thus, switches of differing
capabilities potentially can be mixed within a single VLSP routing
domain.
Two optional capabilities are currently defined in the options field:
routing based on Type of Service (TOS) and support for external
routing beyond the local switch fabric. These two capabilities are
specified in the options field as shown below.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
000000ET
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The options field
T-bit
The T-bit specifies the switch's Type of Service (TOS) capability.
If the T-bit is set, the switch supports routing based on nonzero
types of service.
E-bit
The E-bit specifies the switch's external routing capability. If
the E-bit is set, the switch supports external routing.
Note: The current version of VLSP supports neither of these
capabilities. Therefore, both the T-bit and the E-bit are clear and
the options field contains a value of zero.
10.6 Packet Formats
This section contains detailed descriptions of the five VLS protocol
packets.
10.6.1 Hello Packets
Hello packets are sent periodically over multi-access switch
interfaces in order to discover and maintain neighbor relationships.
Note: Hello packets are not sent over point-to-point network links.
For point-to-point links, the VLS protocol relies on the VlanHello
protocol [IDhello] to notify it of neighboring switches.
Since all switches connected to a common network link must agree on
certain interface parameters, these parameters are included in each
Hello packet. A switch receiving a Hello packet that contains
parameters inconsistent with its own view of the interface will not
establish a neighbor relationship with the sending switch.
The format of a Hello packet is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Network layer addressing / VLSP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
70 (unused -- must be 0)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
74 HelloInt Options Priority
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
78 DeadInt
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
82
+ Designated switch ID +
86
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
90
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
94
+ Backup designated switch ID +
98
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
102
+ +
: Neighbor list :
+ +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Network layer addressing / VLSP header
This 70-octet field contains the network layer addressing
information and the standard VLS protocol packet header. The
packet header type field contains a value of 1.
HelloInt
This 2-octet field contains the interval, in seconds, at which
this switch sends Hello packets.
Options
This 1-octet field contains the optional capabilities supported by
the switch, as described in Section 10.5.
Priority
This 1-octet field contains the switch priority used in selecting
the designated switch and backup designated switch (see Section
6.3.1). If the value here is zero, the switch is ineligible to
become the designated switch or the backup designated switch.
DeadInt
This 4-octet field contains the length of time, in seconds, that
neighboring switches will wait before declaring the interface down
once they stop receiving Hello packets over the interface. The
value here is equal to the value of SwitchDeadInterval, as found
in the interface data structure.
Designated switch
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of the designated
switch for this network link, as currently understood by the
sending switch. This value is set to zero if the designated
switch selection process has not yet begun.
Backup designated switch
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of the backup
designated switch for the network link, as currently understood by
the sending switch. This value is set to zero if the backup
designated switch selection process has not yet begun.
Neighbor list
This variable-length field contains a list of switch IDs of each
switch from which the sending switch has received a valid Hello
packet within the last SwitchDeadInterval seconds.
10.6.2 Database Description Packets
Database Description packets are exchanged while an adjacency is
being formed between two neighboring switches and are used to
describe the contents of the topological database. For a complete
description of the database exchange process, see Section 7.2.
The format of a Database Description packet is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Network layer addressing / VLSP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
70 (unused -- must be 0) Options Flags
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
74 Sequence number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
78
+ +
: Link state advertisement headers :
+ +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Network layer addressing / VLSP header
This 70-octet field contains the network layer addressing
information and the standard VLS protocol packet header. The
packet header type field contains a value of 2.
Options
This 1-octet field contains the optional capabilities supported by
the switch, as described in Section 10.5.
Flags
This 1-octet field contains a set of bit flags that are used to
coordinate the database exchange process. The format of this
octet is as follows:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00000IMMS
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
I-bit (Init)
The I-bit is used to signal the start of the exchange. It is set
while the two switches negotiate the master/slave relationship and
the starting sequence number.
M-bit (More)
The M-bit is set to indicate that more Database Description
packets to follow.
MS-bit (Master/Slave)
The MS-bit is used to indicate which switch is the master of the
exchange. If the bit is set, the sending switch is the master
during the database exchange process. If the bit is clear, the
switch is the slave.
Sequence number
This 4-octet field is used to sequence the Database Description
packets during the database exchange process. The two switches
involved in the exchange process agree on the initial value of the
sequence number during the master/slave negotiation. The number
is then incremented for each Database Description packet in the
exchange.
To acknowledge each Database Description packet sent by the
master, the slave sends a Database Description packet that echoes
the sequence number of the packet being acknowledged.
Link state advertisement headers
This variable-length field contains a list of link state headers
that describe a portion of the master's topological database.
Each header uniquely identifies a link state advertisement and its
current instance. (See Section 11.1 for a detailed description of
a link state advertisement header.) The number of headers
included in the list is calculated implicitly from the length of
the packet, as stored in the VLSP packet header (see Section
10.4).
10.6.3 Link State Request Packets
Link State Request packets are used to request those pieces of the
neighbor's database that the sending switch has discovered (during
the database exchange process) are more up-to-date than instances in
its own database. Link State Request packets are sent as the last
step in bringing up an adjacency. (See Section 7.3.)
The format of a Link State Request packet is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Network layer addressing / VLSP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
70 Link state type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
74
+ Link state ID +
88
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
82
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
86
+ Advertising switch ID +
90
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
94
: . . . :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Network layer addressing / VLSP header
This 70-octet field contains the network layer addressing
information and the standard VLS protocol packet header. The
packet header type field contains a value of 3.
Link state type
This 4-octet field contains the link state type of the requested
link state advertisement, as stored in the advertisement header.
Link state ID
This 10-octet field contains the link state ID of the requested
link state advertisement, as stored in the advertisement header.
Advertising switch
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of advertising switch
for the requested link state advertisement, as stored in the
advertisement header.
Note that the last three fields uniquely identify the
advertisement, but not its instance. The receiving switch will
respond with its most recent instance of the specified
advertisement.
Multiple link state advertisements can be requested in a single
Link State Request packet by repeating the link state type, ID,
and advertising switch for each requested advertisement. The
number of advertisements requested is calculated implicitly from
the length of the packet, as stored in the VLSP packet header.
10.6.4 Link State Update Packets
Link State Update packets are used to respond to a Link State Request
packet or to advertise a new instance of one or more link state
advertisements. Link State Update packets are acknowledged with Link
State Acknowledgment packets. For more information on the use of
Link State Update packets, see Section 7 and Section 8.
The format of a Link State Update packet is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Network layer addressing / VLSP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
70 # advertisements
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
74
+ +
: Link state advertisements :
+ +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Network layer addressing / VLSP header
This 70-octet field contains the network layer addressing
information and the standard VLS protocol packet header. The
packet header type field contains a value of 4.
# advertisements
This 4-octet field contains the number of link state
advertisements included in the packet.
Link state advertisements
This variable-length field contains a list of link state
advertisements. For a detailed description of the different types
of link state advertisements, see Section 11.
10.6.5 Link State Acknowledgment Packets
Link State Acknowledgment Packets are used to explicitly acknowledge
one or more Link State Update packets, thereby making the
distribution of link state advertisements reliable. (See Section
8.2.6.)
The format of a Link State Acknowledgment packet is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Network layer addressing / VLSP header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
70
+ +
: Link state advertisement headers :
+ +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Network layer addressing / VLSP header
This 70-octet field contains the network layer addressing
information and the standard VLS protocol packet header. The
packet header type field contains a value of 5.
Link state advertisement headers
This variable-length field contains a list of link state headers
that are being acknowledged by this packet. Each header uniquely
identifies a link state advertisement and its current instance.
(See Section 11.1 for a detailed description of a link state
advertisement header.) The number of headers included in the list
is calculated implicitly from the length of the packet, as stored
in the VLSP packet header (see Section 10.4).
11. Link State Advertisement Formats
Link state advertisements are used to describe various pieces of the
routing topology within the switch fabric. Each switch in the fabric
maintains a complete set of all link state advertisements generated
throughout the fabric. (Section 8.1 describes the circumstances
under which a link state advertisement is originated. Section 8.2
describes how advertisements are distributed throughout the switch
fabric.) This collection of advertisements, known as the link state
(or topological) database, is used to calculate a set of best paths
to all other switches in the fabric.
There are two types of link state advertisement, as listed in Table
8.
Type Name Function Description
1 Switch link Lists all network Section 11.2
advertisement linksattached to
a switch
2 Network link Lists all adjacen- Section 11.3
advertisement cies on a network
link
Table 8: Link State Advertisement Types
Each link state advertisement begins with a standard header,
described in Section 11.1.
11.1 Link State Advertisement Headers
All link state advertisements begin with a common 32-octet header.
This header contains information that uniquely identifies the
advertisement -- its type, link state ID, and the switch ID of its
advertising switch. Also, since multiple instances of a link state
advertisement can exist concurrently in the switch fabric, the header
contains information that permits a switch to determine which
instance is the most recent -- the age, sequence number and checksum.
The format of the link state advertisement header is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00 Age Options LS Type
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
04
+ Link state ID +
08
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
16
+ Advertising switch ID +
20
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
24 Sequence number
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
28 Checksum Length
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Age
This 2-octet field contains the time, in seconds, since this
instance of the link state advertisement was originated.
Options
This 1-octet field contains the optional capabilities supported by
the advertising switch, as described in Section 10.5.
LS type
This 1-octet field contains the type of the link state
advertisement. Possible values are:
1 Switch link advertisement
2 Network link advertisement
Link state ID
This 10-octet field identifies the switch that originates
advertisements for the link. The content of this field depends on
the advertisement's type.
o For a switch link advertisement, this field contains the switch
ID of the originating switch
o For a network link advertisement, this field contains the
switch ID of the designated switch for the link
Note: In VLSP, the link state ID of an advertisement is always the
same as the advertising switch. This level of redundancy results
from the fact that OSPF uses additional types of link state
advertisements for which the originating switch is not the
advertising switch.
Advertising switch
This 10-octet field contains the switch ID of the switch that
originated the link state advertisement.
Sequence number
This 4-octet field is used to sequence the instances of a
particular link state advertisement. The number is incremented
for each new instance.
Checksum
This 2-octet field contains the checksum of the complete contents
of the link state advertisement, excluding the age field. The
checksum used is commonly referred to as the Fletcher checksum and
is documented in [RFC905]. Note that since this checksum is
calculated for each separate advertisement, a protocol packet
containing lists of advertisements or advertisement headers will
contain multiple checksum values.
Length
This 2-octet field contains the total length, in octets, of the
link state advertisement, including the header.
11.2 Switch Link Advertisements
A switch link advertisement is used to describe all functioning
network links of a switch, including the cost of using each link.
Each functioning switch in the fabric originates one, and only one,
switch link advertisement -- all of the switch's links must be
described in a single advertisement. A switch originates its first
switch link advertisement (containing no links) when it first becomes
functional. It then originates a new instance of the advertisement
each time any of its neighbor states changes such that the contents
of the advertisement changes. See Section 8.1 for details on
originating a switch link advertisement.
The format of a switch link advertisement is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Link state header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
32 (unused -- must be 0) # links
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
36
+ Link ID +
40
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
44
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
48
+ Link data +
52
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
56 Link type # TOS TOS 0 metric
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
60
: . . . :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link state header
This 32-octet field contains the standard link state advertisement
header. The type field contains a 1, and the link state ID field
contains the switch ID of the advertising switch.
# links
This 2-octet field contains the number of links described by this
advertisement. This value must be equal to the total number of
functioning network links attached to the switch.
Link ID
This 10-octet field identifies the other switch that originates
link state advertisements for the link, providing a key for
accessing other link state advertisements for the link. The value
here is based on the link type, as follows:
o For point-to-point links, this field contains the switch ID of
the neighbor switch connected to the other end of the link.
o For multi-access links, this field contains the switch ID of
the designated switch for the link.
Link data
This 10-octet field contains additional data necessary to
calculate the set of best paths. Typically, this field contains
the interface ID of the link.
Link type
This 1-octet field contains the type of link being described.
Possible values are as follows:
1 Point-to-point link
2 Multi-access link
# TOS
This 1-octet field contains the number of nonzero type of service
metrics specified for the link. Since the current version of VLSP
does not support routing based on nonzero types of service, this
field contains a value of zero.
TOS 0 metric
This 2-octet field contains the cost of using this link for the
zero TOS. This value is expressed in the link state metric and
must be greater than zero.
Note that the last five fields are repeated for all functioning
network links attached to the advertising switch. If the interface
state of attached link changes, the switch must originate a new
instance of the switch link advertisement.
11.3 Network Link Advertisements
A network link advertisement is originated by the designated switch
of each multi-access network link. The advertisement describes all
switches attached to the link that are currently fully adjacent to
the designated switch, including the designated switch itself. See
Section 8.1 for details on originating a switch link advertisement.
Network link advertisements are not generated for point-to-point
network links.
The format of a network link advertisement is show below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
00
: Link state header :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
32 (unused)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
36
+ +
: Switch list :
+ +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Link state header
This 32-octet field contains the standard link state advertisement
header. The type field contains a 2, and the link state ID field
contains the switch ID of the designated switch.
Switch list
The switch IDs of all switches attached to the network link that
are currently fully adjacent to the designated switch. The
designated switch includes itself in this list.
12. Protocol Parameters
This section contains a compendium of the parameters used in the VLS
protocol.
12.1 Architectural Constants
Several VLS protocol parameters have fixed architectural values. The
name of each architectural constant follows, together with its value
and a short description of its function.
AllSPFSwitches
The multicast switch ID to which Hello packets and certain other
protocol packets are addressed, as specified in the destination
switch ID field of the network layer address information (see
Section 10.3). The value of AllSPFSwitches is E0-00-00-05-00-00-
00-00.
AllDSwitches
The multicast switch ID to which Link State Update packets and
Link State Acknowledgment packets are addressed, as specified in
the destination switch ID field of the network layer address
information (see Section 10.3), when they are destined for the
designated switch or the backup designated switch of a network
link. The value of AllDSwitches is E0-00-00-06-00-00-00-00.
LSRefreshTime
The interval at which the set of best paths recalculated if no
other state changes have forced a recalculation. The value of
LSRefreshTime is set to 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
MinLSInterval
The minimum time between distinct originations of any particular
link state advertisement. The value of MinLSInterval is set to 5
seconds.
MaxAge
The maximum age that a link state advertisement can attain. When
an advertisement's age reaches MaxAge, it is redistributed
throughout the switch fabric. When the originating switch
receives an acknowledgment for the advertisement, indicating that
the advertisement has been removed from all neighbor Link state
retransmission lists, the advertisement is removed from the
originating switch's database. Advertisements having age MaxAge
are not used to calculate the set of best paths. The value of
MaxAge must be greater than LSRefreshTime. The value of MaxAge is
set to 3600 seconds (1 hour).
MaxAgeDiff
The maximum time disparity in ages that can occur for a single
link state instance as it is distributed throughout the switch
fabric. Most of this time is accounted for by the time the
advertisement sits on switch output queues (and therefore not
aging) during the distribution process. The value of MaxAgeDiff is
set to 900 seconds (15 minutes).
LSInfinity
The link state metric value indicating that the destination is
unreachable. It is defined to be a binary value of all ones.
12.2 Configurable Parameters
Many of the switch interface parameters used by VLSP may be made
configurable if the implementer so desires. These parameters are
listed below. Sample default values are given for some of the
parameters.
Note that some of these parameters specify properties of the
individual interfaces and their attached network links. These
parameters must be consistent across all the switches attached to
that link.
Interface output cost(s)
The cost of sending a packet over the interface, expressed in the
link state metric. This is advertised as the link cost for this
interface in the switch's switch link advertisement. The interface
output cost must always be greater than zero.
RxmtInterval
The number of seconds between link state advertisement
retransmissions for adjacencies established on this interface.
This value is also used when retransmitting Database Description
packets and Link State Request packets. This value must be greater
than the expected round-trip delay between any two switches on the
attached link. However, the value should be conservative or
needless retransmissions will result. A typical value for a local
area network would be 5 seconds.
InfTransDelay
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a Link State
Update packet over this interface. Link state advertisements
contained in the Link State Update packet must have their age
incremented by this amount before transmission. This value must
take into account the transmission and propagation delays for the
interface and must be greater than zero. A typical value for a
local area network would be 1 second.
Switch priority
An 8-bit unsigned integer. When two switches attached to the same
network link contend for selection as the designated switch, the
switch with the highest priority takes precedence. If both
switches have the same priority, the switch with the highest base
MAC address becomes the designated switch. A switch whose switch
priority is set to zero is ineligible to become the designated
switch on the attached link.
HelloInterval
The length of time, in seconds, between the Hello packets that the
switch sends over the interface. This value is advertised in the
switch's Hello packets. It must be the same for all switches
attached to a common network link. The smaller this value is set,
the faster topological changes will be detected. However, a
smaller interval will also generate more routing traffic. A
typical value for a local area network would be 10 seconds.
SwitchDeadInterval
The length of time, in seconds, that neighboring switches will
wait before declaring the interface down once they stop receiving
Hello packets over the interface. This value is advertised in the
switch's Hello packets. It must be the same for all switches
attached to a common network link and should be some multiple of
the HelloInterval parameter. A typical value would be 4 times
HelloInterval.
13. End Notes
[1] During calculation of the set of best paths, a network link
advertisement must be located based solely on its link state ID.
Note, however, that the lookup in this case is still well defined,
since no two network advertisements can have the same link state ID.
[2] It is instructive to see what happens when the designated switch
for a network link fails. Call the designated switch for the link S1
and the backup designated switch S2. If switch S1 fails (or its
interface to the link goes down), the other switches on the link will
detect S1's absence within SwitchDeadInterval seconds. All switches
may not detect this condition at precisely the same time. The
switches that detect S1's absence before S2 does will temporarily
select S2 as both designated switch and backup designated switch.
When S2 detects that S1 is down, it will move itself to designated
switch. At this time, the remaining switch with the highest switch
priority will be selected as the backup designated switch.
[3] Note that it is possible for a switch to resynchronize any of its
fully established adjacencies by setting the neighbor state back to
ExStart. This causes the switch on the other end of the adjacency to
process a SeqNumberMismatch event and also revert to the ExStart
state.
[4] When two advertisements have different checksum values, they are
assumed to be separate instances. This can occur when a switch
restarts and loses track of its previous sequence number. In this
case, since the two advertisements have the same sequence number, it
is not possible to determine which advertisement is actually newer.
If the wrong advertisement is accepted as newer, the originating
switch will originate another instance.
[5] An instance of an advertisement is originated with an age of
MaxAge only when it is to be flushed from the database. This is done
either when the advertisement has naturally aged to MaxAge, or (more
typically) when the sequence number must wrap. Therefore, a received
instance with an age of MaxAge must be processed as the most recent
in order to flush it properly from the database.
[6] MaxAgeDiff is an architectural constant that defines the maximum
disparity in ages, in seconds, that can occur for a single link state
instance as it is distributed throughout the switch fabric. If two
advertisements differ by more than this amount, they are assumed to
be different instances of the same advertisement. This can occur when
a switch restarts and loses track of its previous sequence number.
[7] This is how the link state request list is emptied, causing the
neighbor state to change to Full.
14. Security Considerations
Security concerns are not addressed in this document.
15. References
[Perlman] Perlman, R., Interconnections: Bridges and Routers.
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1992.
[RFC905] McKenzie, A., "ISO Transport Protocol specification ISO
DP 8073", RFC905, April 1984.
[RFC2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC2328, April 1998.
[RFC1700] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2,
RFC1700, October 1994.
[IDsfvlan] Ruffen, D., Len, T. and J. Yanacek, "Cabletron's
SecureFast VLAN Operational Model", RFC2643, August
1999.
[IDhello] Hamilton, D. and D. Ruffen, "Cabletron's VlanHello
Protocol Specification", RFC2641, August 1999.
16. Author's Address
Laura Kane
Cabletron Systems, Inc.
Post Office Box 5005
Rochester, NH 03866-5005
Phone:(603) 332-9400
EMail: lkane@ctron.com
17. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFCEditor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
