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近jin二er三san十shi年nian来lai，摩mo擦ca学xue的de研yan究jiu重chong点dian发fa生sheng了le明ming显xian的de转zhuan变bian，即ji从cong润run滑hua和he润run滑hua系xi统tong转zhuan向xiang材cai料liao科ke学xue和he技ji术shu(包bao括kuo表biao面mian工gong程cheng)的de研yan究jiu。由you于yu现xian代dai工gong业ye技ji术shu的de发fa展zhan，特te别bie是shi航hang天tian工gong业ye空kong间jian技ji术shu的de发fa展zhan．它ta们men的de许xu多duo工gong况kuang条tiao件jian已yi经jing超chao越yue了le润run滑hua脂zhi的de使shi用yong极ji限xian这zhe就jiu促cu使shi人ren们men去qu寻xun找zhao新xin的de润run滑hua材cai料liao以yi适shi应ying更geng为wei复fu杂duo的de工gong作zuo环huan境jing，并bing为wei机ji械xie设she备bei实shi现xian大da型xing化hua、微wei型xing化hua、高gao速su、重chong载zai和he自zi动dong控kong制zhi等deng创chuang造zao了le有you利li条tiao件jian。为wei实shi现xian新xin工gong艺yi、新xin技ji术shu、应ying用yong新xin材cai料liao创chuang造zao了le有you利li条tiao件jian。为wei机ji械xie零ling件jian设she计ji的de革ge命ming提ti供gong了le很hen大da的de方fang便bian。同tong时shi还huan可ke减jian少shao繁fan杂duo而er讨tao厌yan润run滑hua维wei修xiu问wen题ti，也ye给gei现xian场chang的de文wen明ming清qing洁jie创chuang造zao了le有you利li条tiao件jian。
我wo国guo和he世shi界jie各ge国guo从cong20世shi纪ji50年nian代dai末mo开kai始shi研yan究jiu固gu体ti润run滑hua材cai料liao，60年nian代dai初chu在zai一yi些xie国guo防fang和he军jun事shi工gong程cheng上shang就jiu得de到dao了le满man意yi的de应ying用yong效xiao果guo。而er金jin和he它ta的de合he金jin在zai固gu体ti润run滑hua材cai科ke上shang有you了le自zi己ji的de地di位wei。
固gu体ti润run滑hua是shi用yong固gu体ti微wei粉fen，薄bo膜mo或huo复fu合he材cai料liao代dai替ti润run滑hua油you脂zhi，隔ge离li相xiang对dui运yun动dong的de摩mo擦ca面mian以yi达da到dao减jian摩mo和he耐nai磨mo的de目mu的de。随sui着zhe现xian代dai科ke学xue技ji术shu的de进jin步bu，为wei解jie决jue高gao负fu荷he、高gao真zhen空kong、高gao低di温wen、强qiang辐fu射she和he强qiang腐fu蚀shi等deng特te殊shu工gong况kuang下xia机ji械xie的de润run滑hua，固gu体ti润run滑hua材cai料liao已yi从cong单dan一yi的de微wei粉fen、黏nian结jie膜mo或huo单dan元yuan的de整zheng体ti材cai料liao发fa展zhan成cheng为wei由you多duo构gou成cheng分fen组zu成cheng的de复fu合he材cai料liao。其qi作zuo用yong机ji理li和he使shi用yong方fang法fa的de研yan究jiu也ye得de到dao了le迅xun速su的de发fa展zhan，并bing出chu现xian了le许xu多duo制zhi备bei和he应ying用yong这zhe些xie材cai料liao的de新xin工gong艺yi新xin技ji术shu。
固gu体ti润run滑hua材cai料liao中zhong的de金jin属shu基ji软ruan金jin属shu润run滑hua材cai料liao分fen为wei基ji材cai组zu元yuan、润run滑hua组zu元yuan和he其qi它ta组zu元yuan。而er润run滑hua组zu元yuan中zhong金jin及ji金jin的de合he金jin以yi它ta在zai各ge力li面mian的de特te性xing成cheng为wei高gao级ji固gu体ti润run滑hua材cai料liao软ruan金jin属shu类lei的de—个ge重chong要yao成cheng。在zai压ya力li加jia工gong、辐fu照zhao、真zhen空kong和he高gao温wen度du等deng条tiao件jian下xia，具ju有you良liang好hao的de润run滑hua效xiao果guo。近jin代dai被bei用yong作zuo航hang天tian航hang空kong工gong业ye。
摩mo擦ca材cai料liao理li论lun表biao明ming，表biao面mian能neng可ke以yi影ying响xiang材cai料liao的de表biao面mian流liu动dong压ya力li。软ruan金jin属shu黏nian着zhe在zai基ji材cai表biao面mian上shang，只zhi要yao有you零ling点dian几ji个ge微wei米mi厚hou的de膜mo就jiu能neng起qi到dao润run滑hua作zuo用yong。当dang与yu对dui偶ou材cai料liao发fa生sheng摩mo擦ca时shi，软ruan金jin属shu膜mo便bian向xiang对dui偶ou材cai料liao表biao面mian转zhuan移yi，形xing成cheng转zhuan移yi膜mo使shi摩mo擦ca发fa生sheng在zai软ruan金jin属shu与yu转zhuan移yi膜mo之zhi间jian。这zhe种zhong现xian象xiang是shi基ji于yu软ruan金jin属shu的de剪jian切qie强qiang度du低di，而er软ruan金jin属shu与yu基ji材cai间jian的de黏nian着zhe度du又you大da于yu软ruan金jin属shu的de极ji限xian剪jian切qie强qiang度du。金jin、银yin、锌xin等deng软ruan金jin属shu的de润run滑hua作zuo用yong就jiu属shu于yu这zhe种zhong机ji理li。
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